THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
LOS ANGELES
CATALOGUE OF COINS
IN THE
PROVINCIAL MUSEUM
LUCKNOW
r
BY
C. J. BROWN
PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH, CANNING COLLEGE, LUCKNOW
COINS OF THE MUGHAL EMPERORS
IN TWO VOLUMES
VOL. I
PREFACES AND PLATES
PUBLISHED FOR THE UNITED PROVINCES
GOVERNMENT
OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1920
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
LONDON * EDINBUKGH GLASGOW NEW YOKK
TOEONTO MELBOUEXE CAPE TOWN BOMBAY
HUMPHREY MIL FORD
PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY
5126^75
CONTEXTS OF VOLUME I
MAP OF INDIA ILLUSTKATING THE MI^^TS . . tofiicep.l
PEEFACE y
LI8T OF ABBREVIATIONS xii
LIST OF THE MUGHAL EMPEEOES OF INDIA . . . xiii
GENEALOGICAL TABLE xiv
NUMEEICAL SUMMARY xv
LrST OF PEESIAN COUPLETS USED ON MT'GHAL COINS . 17
LIST OF WORDS AND PHRASES USED ON THE COINS . 35
LIST OF DENOMINATIONAL AND OTHER SPECIAL TERMS
USED IN CONNEXION WITH MUGHAL NUMISMATICS . 38
DETAILED LIST OF MINTS REPRESENTED .... 42
A NOTE ON ORNAMENTS 80
INDEX TO PLATES OF ORNAMENTS 82
PLATES OF ORNAMENTS FOUND ON MUGHAL COINS . . 86
LIST OF PLATES 89
PLATES . . . . at end
PREFACE
Some justification seems needed for the publication of
this Catalogue so soon after the appearance of Mr. E. B.
Whitehead's Catalogue of the Coins of the Mtighal Emperors
in the l\mjah Museum (1914) and Mr. H. Nelson Wright's
CataJof/ue of the Mughal Coins in the Indian Museum (1908).
As it was represented to me that, with these two works
available, and with little fresh matter to record, there could
be little general demand for this Catalogue, I consulted the
leading numismatists in India with regard to their views in
the matter. They cordially responded to my application,
and their opinions may be generally stated as follows : that
the Catalogue should be published as soon as possible, for
the value of such a work lay in its being a Catalogue, and not
in the amount of fresh original matter it contained ; and
that among specialists there would be a certain and continuous
demand for it. At the same time they gave some valuable
suggestions as to the form the Catalogue should take, most
of which have been adopted. For example, it was obviously
unnecessary to increase the bulk of the volumes by reprinting
the Mint notes which appear both in Mr. Nelson Wright's and
Mr. Whitehead's Catalogues. I have, therefore, merely given
a list of mints, indicating the coins of the several emperors
to be found in this collection, and in short notes marked as
exactly as possible the periods during which the various
honorific titles were used. Fresh matter of numismatic or
historical interest has been incorporated in foot-notes.
Volume I has been devoted to introductory matter and
plates, and contains a list of all known Mughal couplets with
reference to this and other collections. It also contains
a list of words and phrases used on the coins, with their
meanings, and also a list of denominational epithets and terms
vi PREFACE
used in connexion with Muglial numismatics. In addition
to the plates of coins at the end of the volume there are four
plates of ornaments, and an index has been added giving
references to the coins on which they appear.
In compiling this Catalogue, which comprises Volume II,
I have attempted throughout to further the object which
students of the Mughal series have now chiefly in view —
a complete corpus of Muglial coins based on the Mint system.
It did occur to me that, in cataloguing this collection, an
arrangement by mints instead of by reigns might be adopted :
but valuable as, in my oj^inion, this would have been, it would
have detracted seriously from its usefulness as a work of
reference. It was also suggested that changes in type might
be marked more definitely by printing the number of the
hrst coin, exhibiting each such change in thicker characters :
but it seemed to me that this would be premature before
numismatists have agreed upon what constitutes a type.
An attempt has, however, been made to furnish data as tar
as possible towards this end by marking alterations in style
and ornament perhaps more minutely than has been done
hitherto. The determination of what constitutes a type, and
the determination of the different t3q3es of the several
emperors, is, as Mr. E. Burn has pointed out, a most neces-
sary preliminary to the compilation of a corpus. But the
determination of mint marks and ornaments, and the
allotting of fixed numbers to these, as well as to the couplets,
are equall^'^ necessar}^ ; and in all these directions I trust that
this Catalogue shows some advance.
In one respect the collection of Mughal coins in the
Lucknow Museum ^ stands apart from all similar collections :
the bulk of the coins which it comprises have been, as will
l)e seen later, derived from treasure trove. The United
Provinces, situated as they are in the ver}^ centre of the
Mughal dominions, and including within their territory some
of the most important centres of Mughal government, have
1 The collection in Uie Nagpur Museum has been derived in the same way, but
as no printed Catalogue exists it is impossible to determine how it compares with
other collections.
PREFACE vii
been far more prolific in ' finds ' of the coins of that dynasty
than any other province in India. Not only have most of
the rare coins been acquired in this way in the past, but the
collection is being yearly augmented from the same source.
The collection of coins in the Provincial Museum,.
Lucknow, originated in 1868 ; l^ut coins were amassed in
a more or less haphazard fashion until in Deceml^er, 1898,
the first Coin Committee, consisting of the late Mr. Vincent
A. Smith, Mr. H. N. Wright, the late Mr. J. Hooper, the late
Dr. W. Hoey, Capt. (now Lt.-Col.) W. Vost, and Mr. K. Burn
(Secretary) was constituted. The functions of this Committee
are to advise Government on the acquisition and distribution
of treasure trove in the United Provinces, and on the acquisi-
tion of other coins for the Museum. The Secretary compiles
a complete list of coins in each find, and places these on
record. A mass of information is thus accumulating which
in time will be of the greatest value. For ancient and
mediaeval coins it will give a clue to the strikers. In the
case of Pathan and Mughal coins it will help us to estimate
the volume of coinage at different dates and places. Statistics
of the total number of finds and lists of rarities included in
them are published in the annual reports of the Museum.
At the time of the constitution of the first Committee the
Pathan, Suri, and Mughal coins together numbered 1890.
From this time, owing to the enthusiasm of the Committee
and particularly of its Secretary, the collection, especially the
Mughal section, rapidly enlarged. The figures for Mughal
coins alone examined and distributed among various Indian
Museums for the next five years gives an idea of the wealth
of the treasure trove of the United Provinces : for 1900,
1,055 coins; 1901,566; 1902,622; 1903,1,475; 1904,502.
It may be of interest to mention in a little more detail three
of the richest finds. In 1899 at Kilshipur in the Naini Tal
district was discovered a hoard of 491 silver coins of Akbar
and Jahanglr in perfect condition : among these was an
Alimadnagar Ilahi rupee of Akbar (No. 262). and most of the
fine coins of Jahangn* which the Museum possesses, including
the two fine couplet rupees of Ajmer (1198, 1199), and the
viii PREFACE
unique rupee of Urdu dar rah-i-Dakkan (1280). In 1905
a find at Durgapur (Bara Banki district) of 859 copper coins of
the Surls and the Emperor Akbar contained most of the
early Akl^ar coj^per coins in the collection, including the
dams of Akbarpur Tanda (850-853), Khita Awadli (876 880),
Bahraich (881-884), Khairabad (918 917), Lakhnau (1068-
1073), the rare dam of Jaunpiu", with the geometrical device
(905), and many others. The richest hoard ^ from which the
Museum has benefited was the magnificent find of 1388
silver coins from Jhfinsi in September, 1907. These were
largely of Akbar's early years, and among them were coins
of the following mints: Akbarpur Tanda (No. 271), Anahr-
wala Pattan (319), Elichpur (321), Balapur (323), Bangnla
(862), Bhakkar (865 a), Hisar Firoza (475), Gadraula (547),
Lakhnau (704), besides some undeciphered coins.
In 1904, largely through the exertions of Mr. Burn, the
collection of Mughals of the late Mr. R W. Ellis, of Jubbul-
pore, was secured for the Lucknow Museum. It consisted of
84 gold, 1670 silver, and 533 copper coins. It was strong in
the silver and copper issues of Akbar, and contained parti-
cularly fine silver and copper coins of Shah 'Alam II ; thence
came also the muhr of Bedar Baklit (5300) and one of the
rupees of Bahadur Shfdi.
In 1899 Mr. Burn undertook to arrange and catalogue
the Mughal coins with a view to publication. A large
number of coins were arranged and catalogued by him, but
as the coins increased and his official duties became more
onerous he was reluctantly compelled to abandon the idea,
and the task in 1914 devolved upon me.
The total number of coins included in this Catalogue is
5,802 — 224 gold, 4,895 silver, and 683 copper. The silver
alone exceed the total number of coins (3,283) in the Lahore
Mughal collection, but a large number are duplicates. Out of
the 206 known mints 182 are represented here. Except for
the pretenders Dawar Bakhsh and *Azimu-sh-Shan, all the
Mughal emperors are represented. The collection is very
weak in rare gold coins : it possesses but three of Jahanglr's
> For this find see J.A.S.B., Num. Suppl. XI, p. 323, an article by Col. Vest.
PREFACE ix
zodiacal mohars, and no specimen of his Bacchanalian coins.
Nisars and small pieces are poorly represented, and several
fairly common mints such as Dera and Derajat are unrepre-
sented. On the other hand, it is particularly strong in
Akbar's silver and copper series, and in the silver issues of
the later Mughals : but the 018 silver coins of Jahanglr are
the glory of the collection. Again, it is specially strong in
series of coins, which are to be found in every reign ; I may
instance the Ahmadabad silver of Akbar and Jahanglr, the
Dehli rupees of Jahanglr, and the 'Alamglrpur silver of
Aurangzeb. In Mr. Whitehead's Mint Toivns of tlv
Mughal Emperors of India,^ and in his supplement to the
same in N.S. xxv, § 147, there occur nineteen entries of
coins from this collection as being either unique or known
for the first time to exist in this collection : three of these,
however, are wrongly so entered. In addition there are
seven other entries under the figures XI - and XXII, which
refer to coins in the Museum.
I have made use of the transliteration adopted by the
Council of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, and published in
their Journal for 18.95, except that for ^ I write ch. To
take two examples, j^^Alic is transliterated 'Azimabad.
^^t^^sx^q^j Chhachrauli.
I have already indicated how much I owe in the
compilation of this Catalogue to Mr. K. Burn, who, in
addition to the work that he had already done on the
Lucknow Collection, has been continually helpful in giving
advice.
I am in a special measure indebted to Messrs. H. Nelson
Wright, I.C.S., and Mr. R. B. Whitehead, I.C.S., who have
allowed me to use certain features of their Catalogues of
the Mughal coins in the Indian Museum and the Panjab
Museum, with the consent of the Trustees of the Indian
Museum and the Panjab Government. The present
Catalogue is indeed based upon those admirable works. In
' J.A S.B. N. S. , vol. VIII 1912 , No. 11, § U, p. 425.
* XI and XXII refer to articles in those numbers of the Numismatic Supplement.
J. A. S.B.
X PREFACE
addition I have constantly consulted them on numerous
points. Dr. Geo. P. Taylor, of Ahmadfibad, very generously
put at my disposal a manuscript list of Persian couplets
which he had prepared, and thereby considerably curtailed
my labour.
I cannot conclude without mentioning the work of
Lt.-Col. W. Vest, Messrs. W. E. M. Campbell, I.C.S., and
H. Nevill, I.C.S., who have acted as secretaries to the
Luck now Coin Committee : their reports on coins derived
from treasure trove have been of the greatest assistance.
I am also much indebted to Babu Rayag Dayal, Assistant
Curator of the Lucknow Museum, for continual help in
arranging the Collection, and in many other ways.
In a work of this kind in spite of ever}' precaution there
must I fear be a number of defects, but certain blemishes
in this Catalogue need an explanation. The work was
complete and ready for the press early in 1917, when the
special conditions imposed by the war stopped its publica-
tion. When in February of this year, with the advent of
happier times, the project of printing was revived it was
found that during the last two years about five hundred fresh
Mughal coins, mostly from treasure trove, had been added
to the Collection. To re-write the Catalogue entirely would
have caused undue delay, and so the 408 additional coins
have been inserted in the work as it then stood ; this
explains a number of rather unsightly entries such as
No. 1924 a, 5086 k, &c.
For a similar reason two numbers, 5191 and 5192, have
dropped out of the Catalogue, in consequence of the mint
name Piina being settled subsequently to 1917, and the two
coins removed to their correct position : lastly, it has been
impossible to assign coins Nos. 4851 a-4855 their right
position, as the coins with the readings giving the clue to
their correct place turned up too late to enable this to be
done without serious disfigurement. Every attempt has
nevertheless been made to bring the Catalogue into line
with the most recent information on Mughal numismatics,
in which connexion one cannot help expressing gratitude
PREFACE xi
for the admirable series of articles which have appeared
during the past two years in the Numimmtic Siipphmeuts to
the Journal of the Asiatic Society of BemfaJ from the pen of
Mr. S. H. Hodivala.
I must, in conclusion, make a last acknowledgement, the
greatest of all, to Messrs. W. E. M. Campljell and John Allan,
who have taken upon themselves the arduous duty of seeing
these volumes through the press ; and the Clarendon Press
I must thank for the accuracy and excellence of their work.
C. J. BROWN.
LuCKNOw, March, 1920.
xu
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
A. D. .
a:.
A.H. .
M.
N.
B. M. C,
B. M. Gat. .
I. M. C.
I. M. Cat.
J.A.S.B. .
M. .
X. S. .
Num. Suppl. .
PL
F. M. C.
P. J/. Cat. .
E.
S. .
Sq. . .
w.
Ainiu Domini.
copper.
year of Hijrl era.
silver.
gold.
] Catalogue of the (Joins of the JJoyhul Emperors in the
) British Museum.
] Vol. Ill of the Caialogtte of the Coins in the, Indian
J Museum (Mughal Emperors),
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
mint mark or ornament.
] Numismatic Supplement to the Journal of the Asiatic
) Societi/ of Bengal.
Plate.
\ Catalogue of Coins in the Fanjab Musetun, Lahore, Vol. II,
J Coins of the Mugjial Emperors.
regnal year.
size (in decimals of an inch).
square.
weight (in grains).
Xlll
LIST OF THE
MUGHAL EMPEROES OF INDIA
I. Baljur, Zahliii-d-dln .
II. Humayun, NasTru-d-dIn
III. Akbar, Jalalu-d-dln .
IV. Jabanglr, Nuru-d-din
Dawar Bakhsh .
V. Shah Jahan, Shihabu-d-din
Murad Bakhsh (in Gujaiat)
Shah Shuja' (in Bengal) .
VI. Auraiigzeb 'Alaraglr, MuhayyTu-d-d
d-dm)
A'zam Shah
Kam Bakhsh
VII. Shah 'Alam Bahadur
'Azimu-sb-Shan
VIII. Jabandar Shah .
IX. Farrukhsiyar
X. Rafi'u-d-darjat .
XI. Rafi'u-d-daula, Shah Jaban II
Muhammad Ibrahim .
XII. Muhammad Shab
XIII. Ahmad Shah Bahadur
XIV. 'Alamgir II, 'Azizu-d-dln
Shah Jaban III
XV. Shah 'Alam II .
Bedar Bakbt .
XVI. Mubammiid Akbar II
XVII. Bahadur Shah .
Deposed by the British Government
n (Mublu
A.H.
AD.
932
1526
937
1530
963
1556
1014
1605
1037
1627
1037
1628
1068
1657-8
1068-70
1657-60
1068
1658
1118-19
1707
1119
1707-8
1119
1707
1124
1712
1124
1712
1124
1713
1131
1719
1131
1719
1132-3
1720
1131
1719
1161
1748
1167
1754
1173-4
1759-60
1173
1759
1202-3
1788
1221
1806
1253
1837
1274
1858
XIV
-^1
E
GfD:
1
5J
1
le
=c)-
— d
-- f*^
3
-o
^'
"-i
<?•
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<<:
-<
^1
05
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c3
a-
^1
'^1
o
i— I
o
o
i<!
<
SI
-11
X
,= -^1
— '^
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l-H
HH
<;
Z
P5
A
_^
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1^
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\< -
O
S
— -«J
<
X
-<J
'<
-r
j;
O
^^
i<!
S
!•<
00
^
— ^
•51
^
■h^
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iT
r-K
i^
c^
•>D
E-t
S3
i-U
'3
i-»
s
xl
' <!
P
t5I
OQt
— G
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P^
Ph
Ph
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i< r§
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5-?
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X\
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dci^-'
XV
NUMERICAL SUMMARY OF COINS
CATALOGUED
N.
M.
a:.
Babur ....
—
9
1
Humayuu
—
9
49
Akbar . . • .
39
725
408
Jahanglr
17
(J18
37
Jahaiiglr and Nur Jaliau
—
26
—
Da war Baklldj
—
—
—
Shall Jahan .
25
666
20
Murad Bakhsh
—
8
—
Shah Shuja' . ...
—
2
—
Auiangzeb
35
976
30
A'zam Shiih .
.
2
—
Kam Bakhsh .
—
1
—
Shah 'Alam Biihadur
7
104
1
'AzImu-sh-Shaii
—
—
—
Jahandar Shah
6
24
—
Farrukhsiyar .
14
178
3
Rafru-d-darjat
3
M
—
Shah Jahan II
1
13
1
Muhammad Ibrahim
—
2
—
Muhammad Shah .
36
466
8
Ahmad Shah .
6 -
135
2
'Alamglr II .
18
118
8
Shah Jahan III .
—
8
—
Shah 'Alam II
15
774
107
Bedar Bakht . . . .
1 •
—
—
Akbar II ... .
1
15
8
Bahadur Shah
224
2
—
4895
683
•
5802
LIST OF PEK8IAN COUPLETS USED ON
MUGHAL COINS
Note, Figures standing alone in round brackets refer to the numbers of coins in
this Collection,
AKBAR
Agia.
(1) '^-^^ y, ^^ <S}r} r^"^ il^^*^.^.
''^^^ ;jO jy'^ j'c* b ^•*^' i u^j ^
The sun of the stamp of Shah Akbar is the glory of this gold
Whilst earth and sky are illuminated by the shining sun,
A^. 49 Azar (B. M, No. 169). Dl (P. M. No. 136), Isfandrumuz (P. M.
No. 137 and B. M.).
50 Khurdad (B. M. No. 174). Amardad (79).
(2) J^U.^b^ oiU u^ol*-
The ' dluiir-i-jalall ' won felicity
Fiom the stamp of the name of the exalted 8hah Akbar.
N. 50 Mihr. (White King Sale Catalogue, No. 3499).
(3) .j-i iuJou .ol 1^ jl o— jj
By the stamp of the Emperor Akbar gold becomes bright ;
On this gold the Shah's name is ' light upon light ',
N. 50(B.M..). 51 (B.M. No. 175).
Ilahabad.
(4) oL) jU sL J j^ y. 5«** ^»...»a
Like the gold of the sun and moon, may ever be current
In the world's east and west, the coin of Ilaliabad.
M. 45-49 E. (307-316).
18 PERSIAN COUPLETS
Eandhu.
(5) j^\ AJjl iiC^ -1^^
May the current coin of Akbar, the Divine
Be equal to (the name of) the fort of Handhu.
M. Cf. Whiteliead, Mint Toions, p. 434.
Bangala.
S^ 5uL .»>l i—^f-o ij-«')i irJ'J
The coin of Bangala became pleasing from this fact
That its honour lay in being struck by Akbar Shah.
M. (sq.). 39r(362)-1011 (364).
JAHANGlR
General Application.
(7) »U j^^ eiO^) ^l,y o^l- \j j) ^ij
Made the face of money to shine with the hues of the sun and moon
Shah Nuru-d-din Jahanglr, son of Akbar Badsbah.
N. Agra (B.M. No. 290). Dehll (P.M. No. 911). Labor (1196).
JR. Akbarnagar (P. M. No. 950). Agra (1305). Jalnapur (1482). Dehll
Qandahar (1547). Kashmir (1602). Labor (1630).
On Qandahar and Kashmir coins this couplet appears in the years 1019-
1021: 7r. On the rest of the mints from 1015: 1E.-1017: 3 R. The
Jalnapur coin is dateless. Coins of the Labor mint are both square and
round. For silver coins of Dehli, see 1. 31. C, p. xlii (Introduction).
Ajmer.
(8) j'j &Xw c>-iJ li*^^. jij-^ tj t^
^1 sLi slw hJoL-^ j»U %»i \
The gold coin became the light of the world at Ajmer
By the light of the name of Jahanglr Shah, Shah Akbar['s son].
/R. 1023: 9r. (1197).
1025: 1 1 R. with ^,*»».l y instead of ^^^.^a-U. (1199).
Except for the mint name identical with the Kashmir couplet, No. 41.
Obverse
Reverse
PERSIAN COUPLETS 19
(9) )) y\ ^ j5C- Jj ^^^1 ^J
At Ajmer struck on gold the coin of victory
Jahanglr Shah, Shalianshah Akbar['6 son J.
M. 1024: IOe. (1198).
This coin is supposed to have been struck to commemorate tlie conquest of
Udaii:)ur. Cf. King and Vost, Some Xovelties, Num. Chroa., 189G, p. 164.
(10) jy)j ^ ^jij ^^vJJ.:* jU^; ^jC e5;y-
On the face of coin of gold, resplendent beauty and grace gave
The picture of Shrdi Nuru-d-din Jahanglr, son of Shah Akbar.
The Shah, refuge of the fidth, struck this coin of gold at Ajmer,
Shah Nuru-d-dlu Jahanglr, son of Akbar Badshrdi.
N. 1023 : 8 k. (B. M. No. 318), a Bacchanalian coin.
(10 a) The couplet on the reverse of No. 10 appears alone on A'. 1023 :
9 (B.M.) and PJ. 1025 : He. (P. M. No. 890).
^ ' ^vJ ^j; ^- Obverse
^ ^^ r- ^J- ijeverse
jV^^ St. oxi ^j Jjl j^^ J J
Destiny on coin of gold has drawn
The portrait of His Ifajesty Shah Jahanglr.
The letters of Jahanglr and Allahu Akbar
Are equal in value* from the beginning of time.
M. 1023 : 9 R. (B. M. 319-321), a Bacchanalian coin.
Ahmadabad.
In the name Sallm.
The lord of the realm struck money of gold
Shah Sultan Salim, Akbar Shrdif's son].
iH. 50 b. Aban-2 K. Araardad (1200).
^ By the Abjad system of i-eckoning the letters of^^J^^sj« and^l 4)1 both
make up 288. For the origin of this cf. 3Iemoirs of Jahanglr, Rogers and Beveridgtv
vol. i, p. 253.
B 2
20 PERSIAN COUPLETS
(13) ^jljj^ jb i.i.-^^A ^j j^jl ^^^ vl*Y}
111 the seven climes may this money be ever current
'l'l)rouq:h the impress of the name of JaliangTr, Emperor of the World.
Al. 1027: 12 (1249).
(14) ,b ^1^^ x^U ^l^ U ^,^1
0 God, while earth shall last may current be
In east and west the muhr of Ahmadabad.
N. 1028: He. (B.M. No. 306)-1033 : 18 r. (P.M. No. 891).
(15) jJl eijljl-c jl .iblj^a-l .J .>J &.5L->i
Struck money at Ahmadabad by the blessings of God
Shah Nuru-d-din Jahanglr, son of Ahbar Badshah.
(15 a)
^V. Aquarius 10 — 1 (B. M. No. 357) with ei;liU=^ for u:;bU jl.
Non-zodiacal iil. 1017 (P.M. No. 929)-1018 (1211); 1019 (P.M.
No. 931); 1027: 13 R.-1033 (1251).
M Cancer 1027 (B.M).
(16) .^jj .sb 1. .iblj^a-l jj
To tlie money of Ahmadabad gave ornament
Jahanglr SJiah, Shahanshali Akbar['s son].
M. 1027:13. Cancer (1260). Leo (1262). Scorpio (B. M.|.
(17) The following legend thougli not a ' bait ' may be given here :
May it be beautified by the name of Shah Nurii-d-dln Jahanglr.
AL 1022-1027 (1228).
A hniadraiii gar."
(18) JJ o-:..J jb !kSw ^_\ Jkj\j)^^\ j:>
At Ahmadanagar this coin gave beauty to gold
From the impression of tlie name of Jahanglr, Shrdi Akbar['S son].
Al. 12 E,? (1279).
^ Probably a forgery.
^ For this spelling of the name cf. P. M. C. Introduction, p. xxxvii.
PERSIAN COUPLETS 21
Urdu.
(19) jU J ji^ :>^, lolJ ^JlJ^ jl)
Current be, so long- as the sun and moon exist.
The coin of the camp (Urdu) of Jahanglr Shall.
K. 1036 : 22 Aries (Mr. Nelson Wiight's Cabinet, also Berlin Museum).
For this coin cf. N.S. I, pp. 3-5.
Urdu dar rah-i-Dakkan.
(20) ji, J js?- sUl (^u i\j j:i ^:)^ jj siL-
Struck coin in the camjJ on the road to the Dakkan, the king of sea and land.
The Emperor of the Age, Shah Jahanglr, son of Shah Akbar.
M. 1025: 11 (1280).
Akbarnagar.
(21) »^-^^ UjV "^-^ "L) f-^^-Vt-^' j-^ s-X^
slioU ^;-Ol ^^.1 ^ViL-s. ^^J jJl ^_jj sli*
Struck coin in Akbarnagar, the king of Heaven's court,
Shah Nuru-d-din Jahangli-, son of Akbar Badshah.
M. 1019 (1281).
Agra.
(22) xl:j kS^ ^J^"^ > J^C^ J^ ^j '^'
Struck coin in the city of Agra, the Chosroes, the refuge of the world,
Shah Nuru-d-dln Jahanglr, son of Akbar Badshah.
N. 1017: 3r. (1182)-1018: 5 k. (B.M. No. 426).
M. 1017: 3E.-1018: 5 k. (P. M. No. 962).
With the exception of the mint name this is the same as the Krdnil
couplet. No. 38.
(23) iU y^ jJ ^jJ 15*^ "-^ V ^j
Struck at Agra royal coin on gold in the month Mihr
Shah Nuru-d-dIn Jahanglr, son of Akbar Badshah.
N. 1019-5, Mihr (B.M. and Cabinet of the late Mr. F. J. Thanawala).
For this coin see N.S. XXV, § 150, and Rodgers, Lahore Jhiseiim Cat , p \i.
22 PERSIAN COUPLETS
(24) Jl Jt yj ^^ i/b ^jIjT jU ^j
lu the month of Abau aL A"ra the sliadow of God struck coin
Shah Nuru-d-dln Jahaiiglr, son of Akbar BadKhiih.
a;", (sq.) 1019 : 5 Ahjin (P. M. Xo. 894).
(25) Jl J.U ^;j :>) S^ s^-Mj ,j^. ;0
In the month of Baliman at Agra, the shadow of God struck coin,
Shah Niiru-d-dTn Jahanglr, son of Akbar Badshrdi.
M. 1019: 5 Bahman (Cabinet of Mr. W. S. Talbot).
For tliis coin see N. S. XIIT, p. 232.
(26) j) ji, :>j '^/^ j^ \ "^ e^J >,^«^-' ^-i
•Oi sli) ^\ ^XjL.». siii ijl^ 5Ui-i^
In Isfandarmuz this coin at Agra struck in gold
The Emperor of the Age, Shrdi Jahanglr, son of Shah Akbar.
^. (sq.) 1019: 5 Isfand&rmuz (I. M. No. 564).
M. (sq.). (P. M. No. 963).
(27) y.J>l ^y^ c:^r^lj5^J s/T^j cr2-»;j>.
In Farwardln the gold of Agra became resplendent like a star,
By the light of the coin of Shah Jahanglr, son of Shah Akbar.
R. 1020: 6 Farwardln (P.M. No. 895).
• Obverse
(28) (jUj .^.i .ijj yv^iL^.a. slw j
* C / '[- Keverse
To Shah Jahanglr belongs tlie whirligig of Time :
In Agra by his name gold scatters light :
So long as the bannei- of the Five Guards lasts in the world
May this stamp of his Five Muhrs be current.
N. 1028:14 k. A five-muhr piece. (B. M. No. 305).
(29) Zodiacal.
jS\ iuj sLii y^\jL.». y
The face of gold received ornaments at Agra
From Jahanglr Shah, Shah Akbar['s son]
PERSIAN COUPLETS 23
N. 1028: H-1031 : 17. (All twelve signs except Libra, B. .M.
No. 322, &c,.V Gemini (1191).
M. Taurus (B. :\r. No. 366). Cancer, Gemini (T. M. Nos. 604, 005).
Imitation half-iupees (1334-1338).
Non-zodiacal^. 1031: 17r. (1328)-1036: 21 r.
(30) ^ cu^jj :>b ij\ iSCj
The money of Agra gave ornament to gold
By .Jahanglr Shah, Shah Akhar['s son].
N. 1028: 14 R. Taurus (1190)
JR. 1030 : 16 Taurus (I. .Al. Xo. 603) probably struck from a gold die.
Ilahabad.
(31) .ibU! &X_-o . • .o.i ^.Ju..^^^^
For ever may the light of the gold and" coin of Ilahabad
Abide from the name of Shah Jahanglr, Shah Akbar['s son].
jR. 1033: 19-1037: 22(1339).
Burhanpui'.
(32) sUj ^_:> sl^i. ^^JUy.^^w .J :>j iX.^
The Shall, refuge of the faith, struck coin in the city of Burhanpur
Shah Nuru-d-din Jahanglr, son of Akbar Badshrdi.
M. 1017 (1349).
Patna.
(33) sLij Jlc ^/~^ ^'~^. j-/~^ j-^ ■^j i^^-x
Struck coin in the city of Patna, the Chosroes, the refuge of the Tniverse
Shah Nuru-d-dln .Jahfinglr, son of Akbar Badghah.
A<. (Cabinet of Mr. H. Nelson AVright.)
Cf. also Coins of the Mogul Emperors, jnirchased hij the Pavjnh Govern-
ment from C. J. Rodgers, Preface, p. x.
DehJ
I.
(34) ^\ ^Ji! ^9 ;1 .5J ^Ujj
In Dehlr struck l)y favour of the grace of God
The coin of victory and triumph Jahiinglr Shall.
N. 1035: 21 R. (P.M. No. 912).
24 PERSIAN COUPLETS
Fat h pur.
(35) j) iXw o~J sjj jj .9 .^*s?^'.
The gold coin I)eeanie lustrous at Fathpur
By the light of the name of Jahaiiglr Shall, Shfih Akbar['s son].
A\. 1028: 14 Capricornus, cf. llodgers, ' Couplets or Baits ',./. -4. <S'. 5,
1888, p. 2G, and Whitehead, Mint I'oiuns, p. 436. (This coin is wrongly
quoted as N in B. M. C, p. li.)
Qandahar.
(36) »l^i.> SJ^ ^Uj^ S..5C-.
sli. jS\ sli j.^yj[^ j\
The coin of Qandahfir hecame the heart's desire
Through Jahanglr Slud), Akbar 8hab['s son].
M. 1025: 11-1031: 17(1577-1596).
In the name Sallm.
(37) VJ^ ^ ^^\ J^'i j ^\ »-i^;*A
^JuM sLi. Ai.\ J.jo vK-j —I),
May the coin of Kabul fiom the abode of the servants of the
Living Eternal (one) be ever current in the name of Shah Salim.
M. 1014-(LM. No. 686).
Kabul.
(38) jb jJ^j^» JjlS^ ^.^i. y .Jj s^
Struck coin in the city of Kabul, the Chosroes, the refuge of the world.
Shah Nuru-d-din Jahanglr, son of Akbar Badshrdi.
A\. 1020: 6e. (P.M. No. 1072) and 1024: 9e. (LM. No. 689).
Cf. Couplets No. 22 (Agra) and 33 (Patna).
(39) _ ' sli j^fi\^ j»li jl Ai; U ' .
So long as coin shall be struck in the name of Jahiluglr Shah
May it give light to silver and gold.
Al. 19 K. (Editor's Cabinet and B. M.).
^ A tentative reading.
PERSIAN COUPLETS 25
(40) i^\ ^k^^ j^ J-'.'^ j'r' j^ ^j ^
Struck coin in the city of Kabul through the blessings of God
Nuru-d-din Jahanglr son of Akljar Shah.
M. 23 K. (Cabinet of Mr. 15. B. AVhitehead).
Cf, Couplet No. 15 (Ahmadabad).
Kaslnnlr.
(41) f) i^- jt*^. "^^^ }ij^ uV'J"
J)l jlw JW v^Kjl_^-a. j«lj j«j J
The coin of Kashmir became world-conquering
By the light of the name of Jalianglr Shall, Shah Akbar['s son].
M. 15 k. Gemini (I.M. No. 6'JG and cf. King and Yost. Some Xovelties,
Num. Chron., 1896, pp. 164, 165).
Cf. Couplet No. 8 (Ajmer).
Lrdior.
(42) j^^ j:> J.) dls u J\^j jb jtSi
In the world so long as the heavens revolve, may current be
In the name of Shah Jahanglr, the money of Lrdior.
M. 1017: 3 (1632)-1019: 5 (P.M. No. 1097).
(43) ^jil !u ujrc^-'f'- ''^y ^ jy^'^ J)
The money of Labor in the month Bahman became like the shining moon
In the reign of Shah Nuru-d-dIn Jahaugir, son of Shah Akbar.
M. 1019: 5 Bahman (1636).
(44) j^ ji, :>j .^*il .0 S^ ^j^\ y.j\j.:Ji^ :>
S\ sli. ^jl jS^\,^ sui ^1 5Li..;^.w
In Isfandarmuz the coin at Lfdior struck in gold
The Emperor of nations, Shah Jahaugir, son of Akbar Shfdi.
M. 1019: 5 Isfandarmuz (sq.) (1637).
(45) jy\ 5.- d.-^ j^^^A^^j o^-^ji/-^.
S\ sli» |j>l ^xjL.a. sli. &A.WJ .y ^
In Farwardin the money of Labor became an object of envy to the shining moon,
Through the light of the coin of Shah Jahanglr, son of Shrdi Akbar.
M. 1020 : 6 Farwardin (P. M. No. 1102).
26 PERSIAN COUPLETS
(46) jj ji jj ^^A^ ^j -S^ ^;1 ^:>-i-'f^. L?-i,l JiU
.-.SI sli 1^)' ^Kil,^ sLii ij^-«j sLiJL/,^
Month ArdlbihiKht : this coin s^truck in gold at Lalior
The Emperor of the world, 8hrdi JaliangTr, son of Slifdi Akhar.
M. 1020: 6 Ardlbihisht(sq.) (1639).
(47) * J 1. s-x-., i^jI jj j^*^ j-^ >'-^^ '^■
jS\ ^\:J ^^ .*^Ia.-:j. sli. s^. ^^j dJl*
In the month of Tir at Lrdior struck this coin in gold
The King, refuge of ^ the faith, 8hah Jahfinglr, son of 8hrdi Akhar.
.11. 1020: 6 Trr(sq.) (1640).
(48) )') J- jy^"^ *^ \j-^^ ^'j "^^ ^^^jf^ j^
In the month Kliurdad struck in gold the coin of Lrdior
Sliah Nuru-d-din Jahanglr, son of Badshah Akbar.
M. 1020 : 6 Khurdad (Cabinet of .Mr. H. Nelson Wright).
Cf. also Coins of the Mogul Emperors of India jmrcJtased hi/ the Punjab
Government from Mr. C. J. liodgers, Preface, p. x.
(49) j>*^ 5.X-*j L^ji^.^ ^\ j^J^^ib
Ever may be on the face of the coin of Labor
Light by the name of 8hah .Jahanglr, Shah Akbar['s son]
N. 1028 : 14 (P. ^[. No. 917)-1036: 22 (B.M. No. 310).
M. '1025: 11-1037: 22(1706-1733).
MANDU (MANDU)
(oO) slw ^-^KjL_3. ^LS : jXJL* s._A.->
The stamp on the coin of Mandu gives through the name of Jahanglr Shah
Lustre like the sun and moon to the Nur .Tahanl (i. e. the gold coin of one
tola weight).
A^. 1026: 12 (P. ]\r. No. 918). Cf. N. S. XXXI, § 194.
(51) ji ^js^. ill ^j -ii jj js>^.w ^XiU)
«5l sli ^1 .^vjl.^ sLi, i^\m\ sL*. :.^w
Coin of victory in the south struck at Mandu by the lord of the sea and land,
King of kings of the age, Sliah Jahaugl.-, son of Shah Akbar.
M. 1026 : 12 (Cabinet of Mr. R. P,. Whitehead).
^ Except the years 1034 : 19-1035 : 20 when the N .r Jahani coins were issued.
PERSIAN COUPLETS 27
With the name of NUR J AH AN
General ajiplication.
(52) .»jj s^ c:>jl) ,^L^ ilw ,,Xj>. J
j) r - ■ *^'^'^^. u'^-t^ ^y (•'-^•
By order of 8hah Jahanglr gained a hundred beauties
Gold by the name of Nur Jalian Bad shah Begam.
There are three variants of tliis coui)let, No. 1, as above; No. 2, with S^.
and JJij ; No. 3 with jCs.-^ and Aii_.
N. 1035: 21 (B.M.) and 1037 Ahraadabad • (P.M. No. 919); 1034:
20 Cancer Ajmer^; 1036 Sunit (B. M. No. 513)'; 1035: 20 Sagittarius
Labor ^ (Paris).
M. 1034: 19-1037 Ahmadabad- (1734); 1037: 22 Akbarnagar- (1739);
1034: 20, 1037: 22, Agra^ (1740); 1037: 22 Ilahabad (Editor's Cabinet)^
(Mr. R. B. Whitehead's Cabinet)^ 1037: 22 Patna^ (1743); 1033: 19-
1036: 21 Surat' (1747); 1034: 19-1035: 20 Lahor^ (1757).
For the gold zodiacal coins of Ajmer and Labor, cf. Whitehead, Mint
Towns, p. 433.
Lrdior.
(53) .y j> -iXl^ Ij ^^KjL.a. 5l:L ^li j
Prom the name of Shah .Jahanglr tlie face of the coin of Labor has become
full of light,
It has been increased by (the addition of) the name of Nur Jahan.
M. 1035 : 21 (Cabinet of the late Mr. F. J. Thanawala).
For this couplet see N. S. V, § 34, p. 125.
By order of Shah Jahanglr the coin of Labor
From the name of Nur Jahan Badsbah became full of light.
.PI. 1036 : 21 R. Capricornus (Editor's Cabinet and Berlin Museum).
Note. In the Tuzuk-i Jahcing'tr'i we are told that Asaf Khan was ordered to make
the following couple of baits on large gold coins, one on the obverse, and one on the
reverse :
^ y Obverse
In letters of light on gold the pen of destiny
Engr.aved the entry Siifih Nfuu-d-din Jahanglr.
u^T^ Jhf »^ c^; ;^ J)^ -^'-l
^ ^ r Reverse.
By this coin the world became bright like the sun
Aftab-i-niamlakat is the date.
[vo5Cl»^ (_)l::.9l = Sun of the Kingdom.]
28 PERSIAN COUPLETS
'Between the lines of the obverse inscription the Kalima was written, while
between the lines of the reverse were to come the name of the mint and the year of
julus and the hijrl year. These gold coins were of 100, 50, 20, and 10 tolas. I have
never seen and never heard of one being in existence. The words Aftab-i-mamlakat
give the date 1014 a. h., the date of Jahanglr's first year,' Rodgers, J.A.S.B. vol. Ivii,
Part I, No. 1, 1888, pp. 19-20.
SHAH J AH AN
Shahjahanubad.
(55) uW J"* ^^J "*^-^ U^t^ *^^ ''•^
May the coin of Shahjabanabad be current in the world
For ever in the name of the second Lord of the Conjunctions;
A^. 1060: 24(n.M.): 1068: 32 (B.M.).
M. 1058: 22-1066: 30 E. (2231).
(56) sJl fc__iAal \\ jj ijjj^ j-o j:> jY' y*. *^
On this two hundred muhr piece by the grace of God the impress was put
Of Shah Jahiln, the second Lord of the Conjunction, the refuge of the Faith :
By the engraving of his impress may the face of the coin give light to the world,
As long as the face of the moon is illumined by the sun's reflection.
N. Shahjabanabad 1064: 28 E.
For this rubai and coin, cf. B.M.C., Introduction, p. Ixxxvii.
Note. On the coins of Surat of the 1st year appears the legend
May the coin of Sliuh Jahan be current.
MUEAD BAKHSH
Surat.
(57) ^^'c^ "'^ ^\jsu^\^ j Cjj\ oi/
Took the heritage of the 'Lord of the Conjunctions' Shah Jahan
Murad Bakh^li Muhammad Shah, the second Sikandar.
M. 1038 : ahd (B. M. Xo. 699).
PERSIAN COUPLETS 29
AURANGZEB 'ALAMGlR
(58) j^» j,^ ^s. jjl^ jj) yj S^
jS Jlc t^j ^jl s'j;,
Struck money tl)roufi:li the world like the shiiiiiiw sun
8hah AuniDgzcb 'Alauiglr.
(58 a) For the silver coinage .jj. (moon) was substituted for^-* (sun).
N. (2458). A\. (2491).
These couplets came into use at different dates hut they may be said to
have come into general use for all mints after tlie 4th regnal year. The coins of
Akbarabad are, however, an exception. The couplet (58 a) is sometimes found
on gold coins, cf. P.M.C. No. 1486, probably owing to error.
The coujilet (58), for gold, on the other hand, seems to Jiave been regularly
used for silver during the earlier years of the reign, for examples cf. Nos. 2756
(Bhilsa), 2768 (Patna), 2849 (.Tahrmglrnagar), 3009 (Shahjahruiabad), .3111
('Alamglrpur), 3138 (Katak), 3215 (Labor), 3343 (llultan). But examjiles of
its use late in the reign are the result of an error on tlie jiart of the die-
striker — No. 3135 (Kfibul) may be one of these. On the coins of Akbarnagar
the gold couplet is used on rupees up to the 41st regnal year.
NofjE. Henceforward unless otherwise stated, the couplets are used for all mints
and during the whole reign.
A'ZAM SHAH
(59) sla. 5 oJjJi U^"^ j-^ -^3 *"^*'
Struck coin in the world with might and majesty,
Lord of the nalms, A'zam Shah.
A^. (B. M. No. 847). M. (3432).
KAM BAKHSH
(60) slo ^ y^^jf>- j>. ^J>^ s:> y Sji-
Struck coin in the Dakkau on the sun and moon
The Emperor Kara Bakhsh, refuge of the faith.
A^. (B.M. No. 852). M. (3434).
30 PERSIAN COUPLETS
SHAH ALAM BAHADUR
Alvbarabad.
Struck coin like the Sahib-i Qiran
The second Alamglr, Bahadur Shah.
PJ. 1119: ahd (P. M. No. 1 996). M. 1119: ahd (P. M. No. 20 1 5).
(62) sU • ./~o j\ j^jS ofiji ,.i ^ iii)^W'» "^^
Struck auspicious coin in the seven climes on the sun and moon
The second Shah Jahan, Sultan Mu'azzam.
A\. — : ahd (P.M. No. 2037).
Murshidabad (in the name of Mu'azzam).
(63) ^j\/ i.jA»-l-« j^ jj j\ ^j &^
Struck coin on gold like the Sahib-i Qiran
Mn'azzam Shah, the second 'Alamglr.
M. ahd (P.M. No. 2091).
Multan.
(64) uU y yr^ j>, jy^ oia ji yj 5>-»
Struck coin in the seven climes on the sun and moon
Defender of the faith of IMuhammad Shah 'Alam Biidshah.
M. 1119 : ahd (Cabinet of Mr. H. Nelson Wright).
For this coin cf. Whitehead, Mint Towns, p. 437.
'A^IMU-SH-SHAN
(65) >li J J^^. e; V^ j^ y; ^
Struck coin . in the world with victory and success
The emperor AzTm succourer of the faith.
JR. 1 124 : ahd (B. M. No. 903).
For this coin see N. S. XVII, § 103, p. 124.
I For this provisional reading cf. P. M. C. note to coin 2015, p. 276. Apparently
there was a rupee of Itawa with this or a similar couplet in the White King Collection,
cf. Sale Catalogue, coin No. 3P60,
PERSIAN COUPLETS 31
JAHANDAR SHAH
(66) isu J ji^'^ u?^ L?"^' )■* -^j i^^^^^
Struck coin in the horizons like tlie sun and moon
The victorious Jahrmdar 81iah, Defender of the Faith.
N. (3539). M. (3545).
(67) ^ ul/ '^r'^^'* )rr ^"^ j\ '^^ ^y.
Struck coin on the moon (silver) like the Sahib-i Qiran
Jahandar Shah, monarch of the world.
A variant has ,^ for sj> .
K. (3544). M. (3547).
Both the above couplets appear on the coins of most mints.
FARRUJCHSIYAR
(68) jj J ^-. j\ (Ja. J^9 jl J) sX-*
Struck coin on silver and gold by grace of the Truth
Monarch of the sea and land, Farrukhsiyar.
H. (3567). M. (3580).
(68 a) ^f t_*a»^ '^^* (the third Lord of the Conjunctions) instead of
M. 1125 : ahd Tatta (Cabinet of Mr. F. J. Thanawala).
For this coin of. N. S. XIY. § 86, p. 579.
RAFrU-D-DARJAT
(69) ^^^/. ij1;1/* '■'• '^■H •^j "^^
Struck in India with thousands of blessings
King of kings on sea and land, Rafi'u-d-darjat.
M. (3736). M. (3739).
(69 a) ^jUI 8-tJLftli. instead of j . js?. t.:\:>l;..
A^. Khujista Bunyad (B.M. cf. X. S. XIII, § 81).
M. Khujista Bunyad (P. M. Xo. 2280).
^ Sometimes instead of ^jy^ J>, appears.
» ^ Sometimes instead of s-« ,j appears.
32 PERSIAN COUPLETS
(69 6) ^^b jJUali. instead oi j ^ js^. •tji,^:^.
M. .Aluishidabad (3751).
There is another variant of this couplet on a gold coin of Mu'azzamabad
(7i. J/. C. No. 937 «) which has not yet heen elucidated.
SHAH JAHAN II
(70) ijU ^^l \ u^^ j^ ^) *-^**'
Struck coin in the world with tranquillity and security
The second 'Lord of the Conjunctions' Shah Jahan.
M. l^itta (Cabinet of Mr. 11. B. AVlritehead).
Peshawar ( „ „ ).
The second line of this couplet could also read ' The " Lord of the Con-
junctions " the second Shall Jahan '.
MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM
(71) ^_,^ J-iiJ ej^^y ^) S^
^*aLj1 Jlvs:* sli. ^JLJill
Struck coin in the world through the grace of the Bountiful One
King of kings, Muhammad Ibrahim.
N. Shahjahanabad (B. M. No. 954). M. (3764).
MUHAMMAD SHAH
(72) »J1 e_fikl) ^jl^ j.i i>-j &l-i
Struck coin in the world by the favour of God
Muhammad Shrdi, Emperor of the Age.
M. 6r. A'zamnagar Gokak (P. l\r. No. 2363 and cabinet of the late
Mr. F. J. Thanawala). 1131-1132 : ahd Surat (3956).
Bhakhar.
(73) sJl J-^ j JiJ \\ 1S..X—
\\^ J*^ (jW is^^-i^.
Struck coin of silver thi-ough the grace of God
The Emperor of the ^^'urld, Muhammad Shah.
^il. 1152-1153: 21 n. (P.M. No. 2407 «).
A conjectural reading.
PERSIAN COUPLETS ^ 33
AHMAJ) SHAM P.AHADT'R
(74) ' &J1 J-^fij ^3 j.\ y^ sJv.-.
■^li j>.»»-l sLij ^!l.c iLi
■' I
Struck coin on gold Ijy the grace of God
King Ahmad Shah, refuge of the world.
Ai. 11G2 : 5 Kashmir (P. M. No. 270G).
--: ahd Iratiyazgarh (4236).
'ALAMGIR II
(75) ^\ji v_..^U ^^-^^ yj jy\ X-
Struck coin on gold like the Sahih-i Qiran
'Azizu-d-din, the second 'Alamglr.
N.
M. — : 5 R. Ujjain (4363). ahd Imtij^azgarh (4374). — Aurangnagar
(4376); 1167: ahd-1172: 6 Balwantnagar (4389); 1167: ahd-1171: 5 R.
Banaras .(4393) ; 1172: 6 Jodhpur (4408); 1068: ahd Gwaliar (Editor's
cabinet); — : 6 Xagor (P.M. No. 2839).
Shahjahanril)afl .
(76) &L J y^ ^\j li' j-s.** jyS oii j\ yj iX-j
Struck coin in the seven climes like the shining sun and moon
King 'AzTzu-d-dln Alamglr, defender of the Faith. Emperor.
A. 1170:4-1173:6(4356). AX. 1170:4-1173:6(4421).
(77) j^a, ji^^ ^■>. j.>j^ ^^^-^3 ^^■*'
.*rjic sijjjij ij^-^ 's^'^ ("^ j^
Coin of gold obtained glory like the shining sun
From the name of the lord of the world, the emperor 'Alamglr.
N. 1170:4 (B.M.). A\. — : 4' (P. M. No. 2797).
SHAH 'ALAM II
(78) 4.!! J..^ soLo ^^j-S loi^ /. J; i-^-
Struck coin in the seven climes the shadow of the divine favour.
The defender of the faith of Muhammad, the emperor Shah 'Alam.
N. (4488). A\. (4516).
' See note on the coin in the P. M. C.
34 PERSIAN COUPLETS
This couplet starts from the first year of the reign (4667), and in the case
of the following mints runs all through the regnal years Arkat, Balwantnagar,
Banaras, Eavishnagar Sfigar, Saharanpur.
On coins of Shahjalianabad and Akbarabad it is replaced by No. 76 in.
1218: 46 11.
On coins of Barell and Farrukdjidml it is replaced by No. 76 in 1208 : 31 R.
in case of the former and 1204 :31k. in case of the latter. The couplet occurs
on all but a small numbei- of mints, such as Itavva, Jaipur, Deogarh, Nagor.
(79) ».ll XoU J ^j\Ji c_*a.U ^ S^
Struck coin like the Srdub-i Qiran 1)y the help of God
Defender of the faith of Muhammad, the Emperor Shah 'Alam.
N. Akbarabad, Shahjahanabad (4495), Farrulihabad (4497).
M. Akbanibad (4560), Orchha (4593), Barell (4621), ShahjahanSbad
(4967), Farrukhabad (5022), Muzaffargarh (5110).
Note. Tlie series of Orchha coins begins in 1211 and of Muzaffargarh in 1209.
BEDAR BAKHT.
(80) os-^ J J^'i Cj,'^ jjo :>j &-X--
e^s:^ ^X-^,\ A-».s.* ijl-^s. T>\^
Struck coin on gold the heir of crown and throne
Lord of the world, Muhammad Bedar Bakht.
A^. (5300). A\. (I.M. No. 2499, B.M. 1209).
AKBAR ir
The following is given by the author of the Mnlchtcmr sn- Gulshdn-i-Hind as ji
couplet of Akbar II.
sli j^S\ J.*2£* ^J.1 1^-^^
Struck coin in the world by the divine favour
The defender of the faith Muhammad Akbar Sbah.
This couplet seems to appear on a coin, No. 3277, in the Lahore Museum, but the
date 1203 makes it difficult to assign. Cf. note in P. M. C. p. 430.
LIST OF WORDS AND PHRASES USED ON
THE COINS
Jax!1 ijI Father of justice.
yyi y\
Father of victory.
^la.11 yl Father of the victorious one.
jUifi (Jj;^^ y*^ liV.J^^ J^. ^0 ) Ahu Bakr, the fiuthful witness ; 'Umr, the
... \i 1 . 1 1 discriminator between right and wrong:
(J, ^ L5 u-^J Jf^ 'Usraan, the father of two liglits ; 'All, the
pleasing to God. The names of the four
orthodox khalifas and their epithets, used as
a foi-mula on the coins of Babur, Humayfiu
and the early coins of Akbai'.
^^\\ ^^lslil ^e.'3\ ^jlkl--!l The most great Sultan, the illustrious
emperor.
bJ^a. Js. ^1 <c]l God is most great, glorified be his glory.
The formula employed by Akbar on his IlahT
coins ; it also has the secondai-y meaning
' Akbar is X4od '.
^-vi»jll j^\ Commander of the faithful.
sli<^l) Suzerain king. Indian form of the Persian
^ C^ 5 u'
, ,jli .»c Jj.c J JC) ^1 J-V--aJ. By the truth of Abu Bakr, and the justice
of 'Umr; by the modesty of Usmun and the
wisdom of 'All. A variant of the formula
cited above; and used on the coins of Sliali
Jahan, Murad Bakhsh and Shrdi Shuja'.
Akbar also uses this fornnila, but substitutes
(^jLs.-^. 'by the modesty' for -.J^.-
iAb Town {2'1 i%).
ip.U ijl> The sumptuous town. Ei)ithet of Burhiiniiur.
c .2
36 LIST OF WORDS AND PHRASES
ciJ^l^ ^Ai( Blessed port. Epithet of Suiat.
5-Jv^)
->^-="
Sluiiie. Epithet of Hardwar.
l\rajesty. Epithet of Delili.
jLd 6::^s=^ Of fortunate foundation. Epithet of Aurangabad.
Ja.^ I )i8trict.
d.L:-* ^^ IJlesscd district. Epithet of Jaunpur.
:laU ^ i,\L ll«J <ijjl aL* ^fay God Most High perpetuate the kingdom and
sovereignty.
^^U^l .Ij The seat of safety. Epithet of Agra and Multan.
:>^AS .b The seat of the lioly wax*. Epithet of Haidarahad.
i.s!^il ^b The seat of the khalifate. The capital. Applied
5.9-
to Slifdijahanabad and many other places.
jM. ,b The seat of welfare. E]>ithet of Ajmer.
jv-'^ y
The seat of delight. Epithet of Burhrmpur and
Sahai*anj)ur.
^\J\ .b The seat of peace. Epithet of Dogaon.
iU-laluJl ,lji The seat of sovereignty. Epithet of Labor, &c.
L_j..aJl .b The seat of the mint. Ejiithet of KrdpT, &c.
joiaW .b The seat of victory. E^Dithet of Bljapur.
JaJI .b The seat of justice. Epithet of Agra.
•;A11 b The seat of conquest. Epithet of Ujjain.
,_^»UJ1 ,b The seat of the fulus. Epithet of Muhanimadabad.
dllil jb The .'^eat of the kingdom. The cajjital. Epithet
of Dehll and Kabul.
.^^iX\ ,b The seat of the victorious one. Ej)ithet of .Jodli-
pur.
j!il.JI oJ^Jj The beauty of towns. Epithet of Ahmadabad.
j^Sj^ Government.
d)l^ ii.x-j Auspicious coin.
(_;jj>U c>JV;* u^j^ ^^-^ The year of the accession associated with pros-
perity.
{j\j^ Lit. = li, so 'better than most'. Epithet of
Jaipur.
O
.k!!^-Jl s^-^ Lord of Sultans.
LIST OF WORDS AND PHRASES 37
cij/ >_*rvLj 'Lord of tlie (fortunate) planetary conjunctions',
i.e. of the conjunction of Venus and Jupiter. A title
assumed by Taimilr. 8hah Jaban called himself
(JU ^j u_o.U ' the f^econd lord of the conjunctions '
oil his coins. Tlie title Sahib-i Qiran in its alterna-
tive forms Sfihib-i Qiran, Sahib-i Qiran SanI, SanI
Sabib-i Qiran and Srdiib-i QiranT is found on the
coins of Shrdi Jaban, Shrdi Shuja', Murad Bakligli,
Shrdi 'Alam Bahadur, Jabandar Shah, Shah Jaban 11,
Muhammad Shrdi, 'AlamgTr II, Sh"ih 'Alam II,
Akbar II. On a Tatta rupee of the 1st year
Farrukhsiyar calls liimself ^\js ,_.,^La i^'J ' the
third lord of the conjunctions '. For this formula
cf. P.M.C. Appendix C, pp. 436, 437, and
Dr. Taylor's paper in ./.J., 9. /i. Num. Suppl. XIV,
§8G.
v^ Province.
Ljy-i Struck.
(j?;lc Fighter of infidels, cp. ' defender of the f.iitb '.
.sl-jj sjj:i»^9 Of fortunate foundation. Epithet of Haidarabad.
5...^'9 Town.
District.
^Ij Fort.
tS^ j.b::.^ The abode of the kbalifate. Epithet of Akbarabad
and Ajmer.
i^[\\ J.r:j^j> The abode of the kingdom. The capital. Epithet
of Akbarrd^ad and AzTmabad.
^jjjl J L-jaJI ^Ij Defender of the world and of the faith.
&
LIST OF DENOMINATIONAL AND OTHER SPECIAL
TERMS USED IN CONNEXION WITH
MUGHAL NUMISMATICS
Aban, see Months.
Amardad, see Months.
Ardibihisht, see Months.
Azar, see Months.
Bahman, see Months.
Bait = couplet. Persiau couplets are employed by nearly all the Mui^lial
emperors on their coins. Cf. List of Persian Couplets.
Dam. A large thick copper coin first employed by Sher Shah Sur, and
continued by Akbar. Jahangli-, and in some instances by later emperors,
cf. N.S. XXVIII, § 175, esp. Note on p. 65. The A'ln-i Akburl gives
the weight of the dam as 1 tolah 8 mashas 7 ratis, and this, taking the
masha = 15'5 grains, gives the standard weight as 323-5 grains. The
same work gives the ratio of 40 danjs = 1 rupee. Mr. S. H. Hodivrda
in the article quoted above has shown that during the early years of
Aurangzeb's reign, owing to a rise in the price of copper, the weight
of the dam was reduced to 14 mashas = 217 grains in certain mints,
but this reduction was not uniformally observed. The name ' dam '
occurs only once on a IMughal coin, Akbar's nlm dam of .Srlnagar.
Cf. P.3LC., No. 706.
Damra. Occurs only on certain mintless copper coins of Akbar of the regnal
year 33 = |: dam : so it is e(|ual to the ' Paulah ' of Abu-1-Fazl.
Damri = ^th dam. So given by Abu-1-Fazl, and the name occurs on mintless
coins of that value of the 33rd year.
Darb = half a jalrda (q.v.). The term occurs on some Sitpur Ilahi rupees
of Akbar ; its meaning there is obscure.
Di. See Months.
Dinar. (Derived from denarius aureus.) The general term for the gold coins
of Arabian and JVIuhammadan Asiatic currencies : weight 67 grains. The
term ' dinar-i jalali ' occurs on a gold coin of Agra of Akbar's 50tli year.
Cf. Couplet No. 2 in List of Couplets.
Dirham. (From Greek drachma.) The thin silver pieces of the Arabian
and Central Asian Muhammadan dynasties : this standard was employed
by Eabur, Humayun, and veiy rarely by Akbar in his earliest years.
Weight of dirham 47 grains.
Dirham Shar'i. In the light of Mr. 8. H. Hodivalrrs article in the
N. 8. XXVIII, § 171, p. 45, Mr. Whitehead's explanation of this coin in
P. M. C. Appendix C, p. 437, must, I think, now be rejected. Mr. Hodivala
SPECIAL TERMS • 39
has sliowu fairly conclusively that these coins were issued by Aurangzeh
and Farrukhslyur for use in payment of the Jizya or Poll Tax.
Weight about 44 grains.
These coins are usually square, bearing the name Cyl ^.j on one side
and the name of the mint on the other. One is known of Fiirrukhsiyar'.s
reign [P.M.C, No. 2271). Tlie lullowing mints are kn(jwn to have
struck these coins — Agra, llahfibrul, Patna, Shahjahanriljail, Katak, Lfilior,
Multan.
Farwardin. See Months.
Fulus = ' copper money ', pluial of Arabic ' fals ' : occurs often in the
combination ^wjli y^^ on the copper coins of most emperors. After
the reign of Jahanglr there is great variation in the weight of copper
coins, probably in accordance with local conditions and demand.
Hijri. The Muhammadan era, dating fiom the migration of the Prophet irom
Mecca in A. D. 622. This era is used on the majority of Mughal coins.
Ilahl = The Divine, an era invented by Akbar, and starting from 27th
Rabi'u-s-sani in the first year of his reign. It was rtgularly employeil
on his coins after the 36th year, and coins are known dated 30 R. It
was computed according to solar reckoning, and along with it were
used the names of the old Persian months. JahangTr, Slifdi Jalian, and
Muiad Bakhsh also sometimes employ the Ilahl era for their regnal years,
often along with the hijrl date; cf. I.M.C.. Apjtendix D, p. 355, and
N. S. XVI, § 100, p. 705.
Imam. The four Imams were the four orthodox khalifas, Abu Bakr, 'Umr,
'Usman, and All. Their names with their epithets occur on the obverse
of coins of Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Shah Jahan I, Murad Bakhsh, Shah
Shuja , and on one of Alamglr II.
Jalala. The Ilahl square rupee of Akbar, so called from the formula
inscribed upon it.
Kaliiaa. The Muhammadan profession of iaith :
' There is no god but God : Muhammad is the prophet of God.'
The Kalima is used on the coins of Babur, Humayun, Shah Jahan I,
Murad Bakhsh, Shah Shuja', and on some of Akbar, Jahangir, and
Alamglr II.
Khair qabul. Lit. = ' may these alms be accepted.' A small silver coin
minted only by JahangTr, generally mintless, but one or two pieces of
Labor mint are known, and one of Ahmadabad. It is mentioned in the
Tuzuk-i Jahdngirl (Rogers and Beveridge Trans., vol. I, p. 11) among the
silver coins.
Khalifa. See Imam.
Khurdad. See Months.
Laqab. A ' surname ' or ' title ', such as those adopted by the Mughal
emperors, i.e. Jalalu-d-dln = 'Glory of the faith', by Akbar.
Mihr. See Months.
40 SPECIAL TERMS
Months. For bis IlaliT era Akbar employed the names of the months used
hy the old Persians in their solar ytar, i.e.
1. Farwaidin 5. Aiuardad 9. Azar
2. ArdThihisht G. Sliahiewar 10. Dl
3. Khurdrid 7. ?ilihr 11. Bahman
4 Tlr 8. Al)rin 12. Isfandarmuz
These nanies appear on the coins of Akhar, Jahfinglr, Mnrad Eakhsh, and
some of Shrdi Jahan 1.
Muhr or Ashrafi'. The ordinary term for the yold eoin introduced by
Akbar, and weighing- ordinarily 170 grains. 8onie of Akbar's square
issues rise to 187 grains, and Jahanglr's muhrs during the first five years
of his reign vary between 202-211 grains. All other emperors conform
to the 170-grain standard. The word ..^.* occurs in many of the couplets.
Cf. List of Couplets.
Nini ra'ij = half a ra'ij, q.v.
Nisar. Small coins in gold and silver (one or two broad thin pieces of
Shah .Jahan I of the mints Shrdijahanabad and Akbarabiid are known) used
as largesse money. Jahangir in the Tuzuk-i Jahdngiri gives the nisar as
being equal to a quarter of a rupee, and the commonest specimens are
of that value, but others are half the value of a rupee (the broad thin
pieces), and others only one-eighth. They are known of the emperors
Jahangir, Shah Jahan I, Aurangzeb, Jahandar, and Fariukhsiyar ; and
from the following mints : Itawa, Ajmer, Ahmadabad, Ahmadnagar,
Urdu Zafar Qarin, Akbarabad, Akbarnagar, Agra, Burhanpur, Patna,
Chlnapattan, DaulatFibad, Shrdijahrmabad, Kabul, Ka.shmir, Lfdior.
Nisfi. Peisian = ' half = -| dam occurs on a rare mintless copper coin of
Akbar.
Nur Afshan = ' light scattering': the name is probably derived from
Jahanglr's laqah Nuru-d-dln. They are small silver pieces equal to
-g^^th rupee in value, and are known from the Ajmer, Agra, and Lahoi-
mints. They were apparently used as largesse money.
Nur Jahani = ' light of the world '. Jahanglr's name for a gold coin one tola
in weight : occurs on a coin of Mandu. See List of Couplets, No, 50.
Ra'ij (^'i) = current. Occurs on copper coins of Jahangir equal to a quarter
of a dfim — ulm ralj occurs on his copper coins of half the weight of a lalj.
Rawani = ' current '. Occurs on copper coins of Jahangir equal in weight to
a dam (323-5 grains).
Rupee or Rupiya. The general term for the silver coin of 180 grains
instituted by Sher Shah, and continued by all Mughal emperors. Jahangir,
however, during the first few years of his leign issued heavy rupees of
220 grains, but soon returned to the original standard. Shah 'Alam
Bahadur also in the first year of liis reign issued an order that the
aslirafi and the lupee should be made equal in weight to a tola, and
theie are a few rupees in the British Museum of Patna mint weighing
184 and 185 grains. This experiment was also unsuccessful and soon
SPECIAL TERMS 41
relinquislied ; cf. N. S. XX^'1I1, § 176, p. 67. Tlie word v^j. occurs on
the coinage only once, on a coin of Akhar of A^ra mint 47 k. Kliuidad
in the Bodleian collection (Cat., No. 683) ; cf. /-". ^f. C'., ]>]. x\\, iv.
Shahrewar. See Months.
Sikka = 'stanijj' in the lormula djU-e iS^ ocenrs on :i large nuniher of
silver and gold coins from the leign of SliTih 'Alain I'ahridur. For the
combination sikka fulus, see Fulus.
Tanka. A denomination employed hy Akhar in his llahl eojiper c(;inage
after the 40th year. The coinage consisted of the full tankfi with its
half, quarter, eighth, and sixteenth parts. The full tanka was double
the weight of the dam, i.e. about 640 grains. Cf, N. S. ?vXVHI, § 181,
' The ^luradl Tanka', by S. H. Hodivrda.
Tanki. At the end of Akbar's reign pieces (jf four, two, and one tanki or
tank! were issued from the Ahmadabad, Agra, Kabul, and Labor mints.
Mr. S. H. Hodivala in N. S. XXVII, § 169, has shown that the tanki
was equal to |tli of a dam or i^g*'' "^ '^ tanka, weight about 64 grains.
Tir. See Months.
DETAILED LIST OF MINTS
KEPRESENTED
ITAWA
JTAWA
1
^^Vil
!^b!
Lat. 2G° 47'
Long. 79° 3
G.
8.
Auraug/el)
—
77
Shah 'Ahim Bahadur
—
12
Jahfinclrir
1
4
Farruklisiyar
—
16
E,afl'u-d-daijat
—
1
Shah Jahaii II
—
2
Muhainiuad Sliah
3
39
Ahmad Shah Bahadur
—
2
Sliah 'Akm II
—
15
The form i^V>\ appears until 1109-42 k. of Aurangzeb's reign; after
which Ijljl occurs regularly, though occasional coins (e.g. No. 4224)
present the former spelling.
ATAK
^:i\
•
Bandras.
Lat. 33° 53' Long.
72° 16'
G.
S.
c.
—
—
3
Akbar
The form Atak Bandras occurs on Akbar's dams.
1 Note. — In the first line is given the name of the Mint, or variant forms of
the name occurring on coins : in the second line the Persian form of the above ; in
the third line are given the different epithets attached to the mint name on coins.
MINTS 43
AJMER
.A.^.^^1
Mtistaqirru-l-khilafat.
Long. 74°
43'
G.
S. C.
—
— 18
—
3 —
—
1 —
—
23 —
—
2 —
—
4 —
—
3 —
2 1
J-
Salimdhad, DdniA-hhuii
Lat. 26° 27'
Akbar
Jabanglr
Shah Jahau
Aurangzeb
Farrukhsiyar
Muhammad Shah
Ahmad Shah Bahadur
Shrih 'ALam II
On certain of Akbar's dams of 892 a.h. Ajmer has tht- epithet
Salimabad (of. Nos. 791-793).
On the coins of Aurangzeb and all succeeding emperors appears
the epithet Ddru-l-lchair, except on some coins of Shah 'Alam Bahad\ir
and Farrukhsij-ar, when the epithet Mustaql rru-l-l'h lldpd occurs.
UJJAIN UJAIN UJJAIXPUR
Baldat Daru-l-falh
Lat. 23° 10' Long. 75° 47'
G.
Akbar — ••
Jabanglr —
Shah Jahfin — •
Aurangzeb —
A'zam Shah —
• Farrukhsiyar —
Eaf Tu-d-darjat —
Muhammad Shah —
'Alamglr II —
Shah Akm II —
The form 1 jain occurs on some of the Ilahi rupees of Akbar, un
the unique rupee of Jahangir No. I34I, on some of the early rupees
of Shah Jalian, on some rupees of Aurangzeb (without epithet), on
A'zam Shah's rupees (with epithet), and on the copper coins of Shah
Jahan and Aurangzeb.
s.
C.
14
1
. 1 (Uijainpur)
1
J.
7
1
5
1
—
1
1
—
3
1
2
—
z
44 MINTS
Balded occur.s as epithet on some of Shah Jahiln's earliest coins.
Ddra-l-fidli occurs for the first time in Aurano-/.el)'s reign, and with
tlie exception noted above continues throughout tlie reigns of all
succeeding emperors on gold and silver.
The form Ujjainpur occurs on certain small square local copper
coins of Akbar (cf. No, 804). Mr. Hodivala has recently shown that
Akbar's dams hitherto attril)uted to Khairpur are leally coins of
Ujjainpur.
AH SAN ABA D. See GULBARGA
AHMADABAD
JJdru-l-khildfat, JJaru-s-salkinat, Zluatii-l-hildd.
Lat. 23° 1' Long. 72° 38'
G. S. C.
Alsbar 5 153 24
Jahanglr — 74 3
JaliJinglr and Nur Jalian — 5 —
Shah Jahan 3 34 2
]\Iurad Bakhsh — 3 —
Aurangzeb — 18 —
•A'zam Shrdi — 1 —
Shrdi 'Alam bahadur — 1 —
Jahandai- — 1 —
Fairukhsiyav — 4 ~ —
^hilurnmad Shah — 6 —
Shah Jahan III — 2 —
Sliah 'Alam II _ i i
bedar Bakht 1 — —
The epithet Ddru-l-khtldfat occurs in some silver and gold coins of
the year 980 A. H. From 981 till 1000 a. n. DdrU'S-saltancd appears
on all three metals, and also on rupees of 3/ and 38 k. Ziiiatu-l-
hildd occurs on the coins of Rafi'u-d-darjat.
Certain rupees of 981 a.h. (cf. No. 7Q7) with the legend Ddru-s-
aalto.nat Shuhr-i Miiazzarti are probably from this mint. Cf. P. M. C,
p. xxxiv. For the coins of Ahmadabad, see Dr. Taylor's paper in the
Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. XX,
and ' Akbar's Copper Coins of Ahmadabad ', N.S. IV.
MINTS 45
AHMADNAGAR
AH MAD AN AGAR
J<ilJ,.^SiJi
j^\
(J^~^Si^\
Lat. 23° 38'
Long-. 72°
G.
54'
S. C.
Akbar
—
2 —
Jahanglr
—
G —
Shah Jahfui
—
2 —
Aurangzel)
—
4 —
Shah 'Alain Bahadur
' —
2 —
Fanukhsiyar
—
1 —
The form fc\s^->.\ occurs on a
niulir and a
r.-w rupetjs of Jahanglr
(of. No. 1279).
URDU DAR RAH-I-DAKKAN
G. 8. 0.
Jahrmglr — 1 —
For the suggested location of this camp at Ramsar, cf. Journal
of the United Provinceti Historical Society, vol. I, part 1, 'Some
remarks on Mughal Currency,' p. 157.
URDU ZAFAR QARIN URDU E ZAFAR QARIN
^^J9 jj^ ^0^\ cv^.y* ^•' c^j)^;^
G. S. C.
Akbar 1 9 19
The form ^^^ ,i.]o ^l.^-^' appears on soine dateless and on all the
Ilalii dams of Akbar.
ARKAT
(ARCOTj
^Vi,\
Lat. 12° 55'
Loi
ig. 79°
24'
(i.
S.
Farrukhsiyar .
—
4
Muhammad Shah
—
6
Ahmad Shah Bahadur
—
2
'Alamglr II
—
3
Shah 'Alam II
—
13
The coins of the last three emperors are issues either of the East
India Compau}' or of the French Compagnie des Indes.
46 MINTS
*
ISLAMABAD
Lat.220 21' Long. 91° 52'
G. S.
Auraugzeb — 1
Fariukhsiyar — 2
Muhammad Slifib — 6
Ahmad 8hah Bahadur 1 —
'Alamglr II 1 -r—
Shah 'Alam II — 3
ASAFABAD BARELI. See BARELI
ASAFNAGAR
(Locality doubtful)
G. S. C.
Shah 'Alain II — . 1 —
A'ZAMNAGAR GOKAK. See GOKAK
AKBARABAD. See AGRA
AKBARPUR
(Locality doubtful)
G. S. C.
Akbar — — 2
MINTS 47
AKBARPUR TAXDA
Ddru-l-khilafat
I.at. 20° 2o' Loiiir. 82° 34'
(i. 8. C.
Akbiir — 3 4
Ddru-l-khildfat occurs only on the copper pieces.
AKBARNAGAR (RAJMAHAL)
Lat. 25° 2' Long. 82° 34'
G. S. C.
Akbar — 1 —
Jahanglr — 30 —
•TahiingTr and Nfir Jalian — 1 —
Shall Jahan — 49 —
; Shall Sliuja — 2 —
Aui'angzeh — 48 —
Shall Alam Bahadur — 3 —
Jahaiidrir — 1 —
Farrukhsiyar — 2 —
Muhammad Shah — 3 —
For tlie attribution of Shah Shuja".s coin to this mint, see N. S. XX,
§ 116.
AGRA AKBARABAD
Daru-l- kh ilCifa t, Ddru-:.-zarh QH'a, DdrvA-khildfat, M ustaqir ru-l -JchilOjat,
Dd)'n-l-'adl, Ddrii-l-dmdn, Baldat.
Lat. 27° 10'
G.
Bfibiir —
Huniayun —
Akhar 1 3
Jahanglr 1 1
Jahanglr and Nur Jahan — 3 —
Shah Jnhfai 1 (Agra) 1 1 (Agra) —
7 (Akharabad) 43 (Akbarabad) 3 (Akbarabad)
Aurangzel) 1 58 —
Shah 'Alam Bahadur 17 —
Jahaudfir 13 —
Farruklisiyar 2 14 —
M ustaqir ru-l- mulk
Long. 7
8° 5'
8.
C.
1
14
5
34
17
38
16
48 MINTS
G.
S.
liafi'ii-d-darjat
1
2
SliRli Jaluui'ir
—
2
^luhammad Sliali
3
32
Ahmad Shah Bahadur
—
4
'Ahmii-Tr II
1
5
Shrdi J a hail Til
—
1
Shah Alam II
1
27
_ 1
Agra. Ddru-l-khlldfat occurs on copper coins of Babur of 935-
936 A. H., on copper coins of Humayiin 937-941 a. h., on Akbar's
gold and silver 976-985 a. ii., on Shah Jalian's gold and silver of the
first regnal year, and on Akbar's copper from 965-989 a.h.
Ddru-7-~arh QlCa appears in Babur's copper of 936-937 a.h.
Ddru-l-'adl occurs on Humayun's copper of 943, and Ddrii-l-dmdii
on his copper of 942-943 a.h.
Baldat occurs on Akl)ar's mihrabi muhr of 981.
In 1038 A. H. Akbarabad is substituted for Agra, and the epithet
Ddru-l-khildfat was retained for a year, and then reappears on a few
mohars and rupees of 1068 A. h.
llustaqlrru-l-khlldfat was adopted by Aurangzeb in his 29th year
and continues till the end of the Mughal series, except for a short
interval from the latter part of the first regnal year of Shah 'Alam
Bahadur till the fifth year of Farrukhsiyar, when Mustaqlrru-l-mulh
was substituted.
ALWAR
Lat. 27° 34' Long'. 7G° 38'
G. S. C.
Akbar — — 3
ILAHABAD ILAHABAS
BaWat
Lat. 25° 26' Long. 81° 50'
G. S C.
Akhar — 13 2 (Ilahabas)
Jahaiiglr — 2 —
Shrdi Jahrm — 8 —
MINTS 49
G.
S.
Aurangzeb
1
4
Shah 'Alam Bahadur
—
2
Fari-ukhsiyar
—
1
Muhammad Shah
—
25
Ahmad Shah Bahadur
—
3
'AlamgTr II
—
2
Shah 'Alam II
—
10
The form Ilahabas appears only on Akbar's copper dams.
Baldat occurs on rupees of Aurangzeb of 1071 : 4 r. (cf. Xo. 2716).
IMTIYAZGARH (Adoni)
Lat. 15° 37' Long. 77° 19'
CI. S. C.
Muhammad Shah 1 — —
Ahmad Shah Bahadur — 1 —
'Alamgir II 2 3 —
The late Mr. F. J. Thanawala possessed a unique half-rupee of
Aurangzeb of Adoni {^J^:>\), of which Imtiyazgarh is the Mughal
name-
ANWALA (Aonla)
Lat. 28° 16' Long. 79° 12'
G. S. C.
Shah 'Alam II — 4 —
AWADH
Khita Akhtarnafjar Silba
Lat. 26° 48' Long. 82° 14'
G. S. C.
Akbar — " — 5 (Khita)
Muhammad Shah 1 (Akhtarnagar) 3 Akhtarnagar —
Shah 'Alam II — 27 (Suba) —
Sioba of Shah 'Alam's coins probabl}^ refers to the province of
Awadh. The other two epitliets probably refer to Ayodhya.
2269.1 D
50 MINTS
ORCHHA
Lat. 25° 21' Long. 78° 38'
G. S. C.
Rhah "Alam II _ 13 _
AURANGABAD KHUJISTA BUNYAD
Lat. 19° 54' Long. 75° 22'
G. S. C.
Aiyangzeb 2 (Auraiigabacl) 7 (Auraiigabad) —
1 (Khujista liunyad) 3 (Khujista Bunyad) —
Shah 'Alam Bahadur 12 —
Jahrmdar 1 1 —
Farrukhsiyar 3 1 —
j\ruh;uniriad Shah 4 — —
1 (A^^l•angabad)
From 1100 a.h. the form Khujista Bunyacl 'of auspicious founda-
tion ' takes the place of Aurangabacl, though tlie earlier form is found
on a mulir (No. 3772 a) of Muhammad Shah.
AUKANGNAGAR
>^^y
G.
S.
C.
'Alamglr II —
1
—
ELICHPUR
^ ^xsv^i
Lat. 21° 10' Long. 77°
30'
G.
S.
c.
Akbar - —
2
—
JahSnglr —
4
—
Aurangzeb —
—
3
Shah 'Alam Bahadur —
—
1
Jaliandar —
1
—
]\ru]iamniad Shah —
1
—
MINTS
51
Akbar
BALAPtJR
Lat. 20° 40' Long. 76° 50'
G. S.
1 —
BALANAGAR GADHA
Lat. 23° 10' Long. 79° 56'
G. S.
Shah 'Alam II _ 2
Akbai-
Jahanglr
BARAR
G.
1 —
BRAJINDRAPUR. See MAHINDRAPUR
BURHANPUR
Balclat, BaldaL Fakhira, Ddrii-s-saru.; Daru-s-saltanat
Lat. 21° 18'
Akbar
Jahanglr
Shah Jahau
Aurangzeb
Shah 'Alam Bahadur
JahSndar
Farrukhsiyar
Muhammad Shah
Shah 'AL-vm II
Long. 76°
16'
G.
S.
—
25
4
29
2
22
2
18
—
5
1
5
6
c.
» For this mint see note on coin No. 324.
52 MINTS
Baldat occurs on the silver nisars of Shah Jahau : it may also
occur on Nos. 360, 361, Ilahi rupees of Akbar. See note to No. 360.
Baldat Fdkkirci, ' the sumptuous town ', occurs on the first silver
issue of Aurangzeb, cf. P.M.C., No. 1617.
Ddru-s-sardr occurs first on the coins of Shah 'Alam Bahadur,
silver and gold, and continues to the end of the series.
Ddru-s-saltanat occurs on a mulir of Jaliandar, cf. N.S. VI, p. 264.
BARELl
(_5V
Qtt;a
A
safabdd
Lat. 28° 2
!2'
Lon
g. 79° 20'
G.
S.
c.
Aurangzeb
—
21
—
8hrih 'Alam Bahadui'
—
6
—
Jabandar
—
1
—
Farrukhsiyar
—
' 17
—
Shah Jahan II
—
—
—
Miibammad Sbrdi
—
18
—
Abtiiad Shah Bahadur
—
13
—
'Alamglr II
—
12
1
Sbrdi 'Alam II
14
■ 36 (Qit'a)
4 (Asaiab
ad)
3
Qlfa occurs on rupees froi
n 1^
205-12
:ll and 1211-12
20
A.H.
Amfdhdd during the year
s 12
09-12:
11 A.H.
BISAULl
Lat. 28° 18' Long. 78° 57'
G. S. C.
Shrdi 'Alam II — 3 —
BALWANTNAGAR (JhansI)
ng. 78° 38'
C.
Lat. 25° 25'
Long. 78° 38'
G. S.
Abmad Shah Bahadur
— 3
'Alamglr II
— 4
Shrdi 'Alam II
— 8
MINTS
53
BANARAS
L-^
,u.
Muhammaddhdd
Lat. 25° 18'
Long. 83° 3'
G. S.
Muhammad Shah
— 15
Ahmad Shah Bahadur
1 22
'Alaraglr II
3 16
Shah 'Alam II
2 201
c.
Shah 'Alam II
BINDRABAN MUMINABAD
Mimiinabdd
Lat. 27° 23' Long. 77° 44'
G. S. C.
— 2 (Muminabad 4 (Muminabad)
Bindrabau)
Rupees always exhibit the double name : copper coins exist with
the name Bindraban and the name Muminabad, as well as with the
double name.
Akbar
BANGALA (Gaur)
Lat. 24° 54' Long. 88° 8'
G. S.
— 4
BAHADURGARH ^ (Pedgaon)
Lat. 18° 37' Long. 74° 42'
G. S. C.
Farrukhsiyar — — 11
1 See N.S. XXVIII, § 178, Bahadurgarh, by S. H. Hodival.-i,
54 MINTS
BAHRAICH
Ddru-l-khildfat
Lat. 27' 34' Long. 81° 36'
G. 8. 0.
Akbar — — 11
BHAKKAR BAKKAR
BHAKHAR
J^. J^-
^^^
Lat. 3r 37' Long.
71° 5'
G.
S. C,
Akbar —
2 —
Shah Jahan —
21 -
Auraiigzeb —
3 —
Bliakkar {^^) appears on Akbar 's rupees (cf . Nos. 365 a, 365 b),
on Shah Jahan's rupees 1043 A. H. to the end of the reign, and on the
earlier rupees of Aurangzeb,
Bakkar (y5o.) occurs on Shah Jahan's rupees up to 1043 A. h.
Some time between 1083-1091 A. H. the form ^^1^. is substituted, and
maintained till the end of the series.
BHOPAL
Lat. 23° 16' Long. 75° 25'
G. S.
Shah 'Alam II — 1
BHILSA
Lat. 23° 31' Long. 77° 50'
G. S. C.
Shah Jahan — 12 —
Aurangzeb — 1 —
MINTS 55
BiJAPUR
Ddru-z-zafar
Lat. 1(;° -19' Long. 75° 4G'
G. 8. C.
Aurangzeb 3 14 —
From 23 K.-30 R. of Aurang-zel/s reign the mint name appears
without epithet. Tlienceforward Ddru-z-zafar always appears.
BAIRATA
Lat. 27° 42 Long. 76° 23'
G. S. " C.
Akbar — — 14
Jahanglr — — 10
Shah Jahau — — 8
Aixrano'zeb * — — 2
BiKANER
Baldat
Lat. 28° Long. 73° 18'
G. S,
'Alamglr II — 1
PANIPAT
Qasha.
Lat. 29° 23' Long. 77° 2'
G. S.
Shah 'AUim II —2
56
MINTS
PATTAN
o\^. *
Shahr Anahrioala
Lat. 23° 51'
Long. 72° 10'
G. S. C.
Akbar
— 2 —
See note to Coin No. 319.
PATTAN DEO (Somnatli)
o^.
Lat. 20° 53'
Long. 70° 26'
G. S. C.
Shah Jahan
- 1
PATNA
'AZIMABAD
JkAXj;
oL>l*-A.ia£
Ddru-z-zarb ■
M ustaqirru-l-mulk
Lat. 25° 37'
Long. 85° 12'
G.
S.
Akhar 1
15
Jahanglr —
69
Jahanglr and Nur Jahan —
4
Shah Jahan —
58
Aurangzeb —
(41 (Patna)
\ 4 (AzTmabad
Shah 'Alam Bahadur —
11
Farrukhsiyar —
11
Rafi'u-d-darjat —
2 (Patna)
Shah Jahan II —
1 ('AzTmabad)
Muhammad Shah —
18
Ahmad Shah Bahadur —
8
Alamglr II 1
7.
Shah 'Alam II —
7
c.
From the 50tli year of Aurangzeb all rupees and niuhrs, with the
exception of those of Rafi'u-d-darjat, bear the name 'Azimabad.
Ddru-z-zarh occurs only on the earliest gold and silver coins of
Akbar, 983 A. h.
Mustaqirru-l-inuUc occurs only on Farrukhsiyar's coins from the
third year to the end of the reign.
MINTS 57
PURBANDAR
Lat. 21° 37' Long. 69° 48'
G. S. C.
Farrukhsiyar — — 1 ?
Mr. S. H. Hodivala in N. S. XXXI, § 196, x, luis su^^ested Parenda
as a readino- for this mint.
PUNA
y ■
Muhlahdd
Lat. 18° 31' LoDg. 73° 51'
G. . S. C.
Shah'Alamll _ 2 —
See N. S. XXXI, § 196, ix, l.y S. H. Hodivala.
PESHAWAR
Lat. 34° Long. 71° 38'
G. S.
Shah 'Alani Bahadur — 1
Muhammad 8hah -^ 1
Ahmad Shah Bahadur — —
TATTA
Lat. 24° 44' Loug. 68°
G. S. C.
Akbar — 75 —
Jahanglr — 68
Shah Jahan — 55 —
Aurangzeb — 32
Farrukhsiyar — 2
]\ruliammad Shah — — 1
58 MINTS
TORAGAL
Lat. 15° 57' Long. 75° 17'
G. S. C.
Aurangzeb — 2 —
Shah 'Ahim Bahadur _ i _
JALNAPUR
Lat. 19° 51' Long. 75° 51'
G. S. C. •
Jahanglr "^ — 5 —
JAMMUN
Ddru-l-aiaan
Lat. S2° 44' Long. 74° 55'
G. S. C.
Shah 'Alam II — .2 —
JODHPUR
Ddru-l-mansur
Lat. 26° 19' Long. 73° 8'
G. S. 0.
'Alamglr II — 1 — '
Shah 'Alam II _ i _
JAUNPUR
Ddru-z-zarh Khita mufabarak, Ddru-l-khilafat
Lat. 25° 44' Long. 82° 44'
G. S. C.
Humayun — ' — 7
Akbar 3 23 5
Darii-z-zarh Khita mutabarak occurs on the copper coins of
Humayun.
Ddru-l-khildfat appears on Akbar's rupees 972-985 A. H. and on
some dams^one of 987 witli a complete date is in the Lahore Museum.
MINTS 59
JUNAGARH JUNAGADH
JUNAGAR
TsSli^i yS:^ TScSli^ t,^-
>:
'^^
Lat. 21° 31' LoLg. 70-
3G'
G.
S.
c.
Shah Jahan —
5
—
Aurangzeb —
8
—
Shah 'Alam Bahadur —
1
—
Farrukhsivar —
1
—
Junagarh appears on the coins of Shah Jahan and the later coins
of Aurangzeb, JCmagadh on the early coins of Aurangzeb up to
1080-13, and Jiniauar on coins of Shah 'Alani Baliadur and later
emperors. A form ujfp^ja. appears on a few rupees of Aurangzeb,
cf. No. 2843, 1074 a. h.
For coins of this mint, see Dr. Taylor's article in N. S. XIX, § 114.
JAHANGIRNAGAR (Dacca)
Lat. 23° 43' Long. 90° 31'
G. S. ('.
Jahaiiglr — 11 —
Shah JahiTn — 15 —
Aurangzeb — 17 —
Shah 'Alain Bahadur — 5 —
Ahmad Shah Bahadur — 2 —
'Alamglr II — 2 —
JAIPUR
Saxmi
Lat. 26°
Muhammad Shah
Ahmad Shrih Bahfid
Shah 'Alam 11
55' Long.
G.
ur —
1
75°
50'
S.
8
2
10
c.
CHHATARPUR
Lat. 24° 55' Long. 79° 36'
G. S.
Shah 'Alam II — 7
60 MINTS
CHHACHRAULI
Lat. 30° 15' Long. 77° 25'
G. S. C.
Shrih 'Alam II _ — 2
CHlTOR
Lat. 24° 53' Long. 74° 39'
G. S. C.
Akbai- — — 4
CHiNAPATTAN (Madras)
Lat. 13° Long. 80° 15'
G. S. C.
Aurangzeb — 3 —
Shah 'Alam Bahadur — 8 —
Farrukhsiyar — 2 —
Muhammad Shah — 2 —
HASANABAD
G. s. a
Shah 'Alam II _ i _
HISAR
Flroza
Lat, 29° 10' Long. 75° 44'
G. S. C.
Akbar — 5 (Hisar Flroza) 2 (Hisar Firoza)
Hisar without epithfet appears only on the Ilahi dams of Akbar.
MINTS 61
HAIDARABAD
Ddru-l-jihdd Farkhunda Bunyad
Lat. 17° 22' Long. 78° 27'
G. 8. C.
Aurangzeb 16 1
Shah 'Alam Bahfidur — 1 —
Ddru-l-jihdd occurs on gold and silver coins from 1099 A..H. till
the reiy:n of Shah 'Alam Bahadur. At some time in tliis reiji-n the
epithet was changed to Farkhanda Bunyad. The copper coins are
without epithet.
KHUJISTA-BUNYAD. See AURANGABAD
KHAIRABAD
Lat. 27° 32' Long. 80° 46'
G. S. C.
Akbar — — 5
DOGAON
Ddru-l-khildfat Ddru-s-saldm
Lat. 27° 40' Long. 81° 35'
a s. c.
Akbar — — 39
The epithet Ddru-l-khildfat becomes Ddrii-s-saldm in 986 a.h.
It is possible that coins Nos. 1163-1166 belong to this mint: if so,
they give the form Dokon ^jy>,:>, for which and for the coins of the
Mint see Colonel Yost's article in J.A.^.B. 1895. The tanka pieces
and subse([uent coins bear no epithet.
62
MINTS
DAULATABAD
J,.
(j^^\^*o oU^^o
Ddru - 1- kh ildfa t
Lat. 19° 57' Long. 75° 13'
G. S.
Shah Jahaii
13 —
The form jIjUjj occurs on the earliest coins of Shah Jahan, cf.
No. 2127. The epithet DdrvA-Udldfat occurs on a few rupees of
Shah 'Alani II ; others of this emperor are witliout any epithet.
DEHLl
SHAHJAHANABAD
^
^
0l..i^^V.^.J2^?f\.At
.-
Ddri'-l-mulk JIa:-rat,
Ha
zrat
Ddru-l-khildfat
Lat.
28°
39'
Lonj
r. 77° 15'
G.
S.
c.
Humayun
—
—
8
Akbar
3
38
40
Jahanglr
—
54
2
Shah Jahan
—
,13 <
1 6(
;Dehli)
1 (Dehh)
—
^Shahjahanahad)
—
Aurangzeh
11
89
9
Shah 'Alam Bahadur
4
8
- —
.Tahlndar
2
3
—
Farrukhsiyar
8
27
—
EafT'u-d-darjat
2
2
—
Shah Jahau II
1
2
—
Muhammad Ihri
ihim
— ■
2
—
^luhammad Shrdi
17
101
—
Ahmad Shah Bahadur
4
24
—
'Alaraglr II
8
17
3
Shah .Jahan III
—
2
—
Shah 'Alam II
4
70
20
Akhar II
1
15
8
Bahadui- Shah
—
2
—
Dehli. DdrvA-mulk Hazrat appears on Humayiin's copper coins,
on gohl coins of Akl»ar from 977-979 A. H., and on dams of 981 ; cf.
No. 965. HazroA alone occurs on early gold coins of Akbar, on silver
coins up to 98S A. H., and copper dams 962-988 A. H.
MINTS 63
Copper coins of Dclili are known us late as Shall Jahan's twelfth
retmal year, and rupees of the year 1049. Sljahjahanabad coins begin
apparently from 1058, and in 1069 A. h. appears the epithet Ddru-l-
kkildfut, which is associated with this mint on silver and gohl coins
to the end of the series. Copper coins are all without epithet.
DEOGARH
G. S. C.
SMh'Alamll — 10 —
RAVI SHN AGAR SAGAR (Sangor)
La^ 23° 51' Long. 78° 45'
G. S. C.
Shall 'Alam II _ 9 _
ROHTAS
Lat. 32° 55' Long. 73° 48'
G. S. C.
Jaliancir — 2 —
SRINAGAR (Garhwal)
Lat. 30° 13' Long. 78° 46'
G. S. C.
Shall 'Alam II — 2 —
For Srhiagar (Kashmir) see Kashmir.
S'ADNAGAR (Akloj)
»Mt>JUo
Lat. 17° 53' Long. 75° 4'
G. S.
Farrukhsiyar 1 —
64 MINTS
SlIRAT
Bandar-i-miibdrak
Lat. 31° 12' Long. 72° 50'
G.
S.
Jahangir
—
4
JahfingTr and Nur Jahan
—
10
Shall Jahan
1
88
Murad Eakhsb
—
3
Aurangzeb
5
128
Shah 'Alam Bahadur
— .
4
Jabandar
—
4
Farrukhsiyar
—
14
Shah Jahan II
—
2
Muhammad Shah
—
18
Ahmad Shrdi Bahadur
—
1
Bandar-i-muhdrak occurs as epitliet on the gold and silver of
Aurangzeb's first year. For coins of this mint, see Dr. Taylor's * The
Coins of Surat ', J.R.A. S. (Bomlmy Branch) 1907.
SAHARANPUR
Ddni-s-sarur
Lat. 29° 57' Long. 77° 33'
G. S. C.
Akbar — — 3
Aurangzeb — 1 —
Shrdi 'Alam II -- 7 10
Ddru-s-sarur occurs on Shah 'Alam's rupees and on a fuliis of the
31st year, No. 5.214.
SAHRIND
.. SARHIND
c>^'C-<^
Baldat
Lat. 30° 38'
Long.
76° 27'
G.
S.
C.
Akbar
—
—
2
Aurangzeb
—
10
—
Shrdi 'Alam Bahadur
—
1
—
Fairnkhsiyar
—
3
—
Muhammad Shah
—
5
—
Ahmad Shah Bahadur
—
2
—
'Alamglr II
—
2
—
Baldat is used on a few dams of Akbar, cf. No. 997.
Akbar
MINTS
SiTPUB
Lat. 29°10' Long. 70° oO'
G. S.
— 4
65
Aurangzeb
SHOLAPUR
Lat. 17° 40' Long. 75° 54'
G. S.
1 12
SHERGARH
Lat. 24° 49' Long. 83° 4G'
G, S.
Akbar — 3
ZAFARABAD
Lat. 17° 55' Long. 77° 32'
G. S.
Shah Jahan — 1
Aurangzeb ^ 8
Aurangzeb
ZAFAKPtJR
G.
S.
1
Jahi"
mgir
ZAFARNAGAR
^Ki^iij
G.
C.
This mint has been identities with Jafarabad in the Anrang-abad
district by Mr. S. H. Hodivahl.
2269.1 ^ E
66 MINTS
'ALAMGIRPUR
Lat. 15° 31' Long. 78° 11'
G. S. C.
Auranezeb — 18 —
'AZiMABAD. See PATNA
FATHPUR
I) a ru- s- saltanat
Lat. 27° 5' Long. 77° 40'
G. S. C.
Akbar 2 10 9
JahangTr 1 '? . — —
The epithet JJdru-s- saltanat occurs on gold coins of Akbar after
986, and on silver and copper coins from 985 a. h. There is a quarter
rupee of 987 in the Bodleian Collection without the epithet. After
Akbar's reign the epithet is dropped, but reappears on the unique
rupee of Shall Jahan in the Lahore Museum.
FARRUKHABAD
Ol^^e-^
A hmadnagar
Lat.
27°
24'. Long. 79° 34'
G. S.
C.
Farrukhsiyar
— 4
—
]\Iuhammad Shfih
1 2
Ahmad Shah Bahadur
— 3
—
'Alaniglr II
1 '
{ 4 (Ahm
—
ladnagai
* Favrukhahad)
Shah Jahan III
— 1
. —
Shah 'Alam II
1 91
—
The change to Ahinadnagar Farrukhabad occurred in 'Alamglr II's
second year.
The East India Company revived the simple Farrukhabad on coins
struck in a collar, or with milled edges.
MINTS 67
QAMARNAGAR (Karnul)
Lat. 15° 50' Long. 78° 4'
G. S. C.
Aurangzeb — 1 —
QANDAHAR
Lat. 31° 37' Long. 65° 43'
G. S. C.
Jahanglr — 58 —
Shah Jahan — 22 —
QANAUJ
•*
arr*
Urf Shahgarli Ddru-l-Jchildfat.
Shdhahad
Lat. 27° 3' Long. 79'
'56'
G.
S.
C.
Akbar —
—
6 (Shahgarli)
l\Iuhaminad Shah 1
17
—
Ahmad Shah Bahadur —
2
—
Under the Sun kings Qanauj was known as Shergarli. Shdhgarh
occurs on some dams of Muhammad 'Adil Sur, and with the addition
of Ddru-l-khildfat on Akbar's dams. From the reign of Muhannnad
Sliah to the end of the series Shdhdbdd Qanauj appears.
KABUL
Ddnt-l-mulk
Lat. 34° 30' Long. 69° 13'
G. S. C.
Humayun — 1 —
Akbar _ 5 2
Jahanglr — 5 —
Shah Jahan — 6 —
Aurangzeb — 7 —
The epithet Darii-l-mulh occurs first in the year 1094 a. h.. and is
thenceforward retained.
E :2
68 MINTS
KALPI
Ddru-^-zarh Muhamiuaddhad. Ddru-z-zarb Khjta. Ddru-z-:,arb
Lat. 26° 8' Long. 79° 45'
G. S. C.
Akbar — 3 13
On the copper issues 963-964 Ddiu-z-zarh Muhammaddhdd : from
964-969 Khita is substituted for Muhammaddldd. A dam of 973>
No. 103.2, appears to liave Ddru-z-zarh alone.
KATAK (Cuttaek)
Lat. 20° 29' Long. 85° 52'
■ G. S. C.
Akbar — 1 —
Shah Jahan — 5 —
Aurangzeb — 8 —
Ahmad Shah Bahadur — 11 —
KARIMABAD
Shah
'Alam Bahadur
G. S.
— 5
C.
KASHMIR
SRINAGAR
Lat. 34°
5' Long. 74° 50'
G.
Akbar —
Jahan gir —
S hab Jahan —
Shah 'Alam Bahadur —
Muhammad Shrdi —
S.
9 (Srinagar)
27
5
1
1
C.
3 (Srinagar)
1
A gold coin in the Lahore Museum is the only known coin qI
Mughal type of Akbar struck in Kashmir. Small square silver pieces
of the Kashmir type are known. Otherwise lie uses the name
Srinagar for silver and copper. Subsequent coins all bear the name
Kashmir.
MINTS
KORA
69
W
Lat. 26° r
Long. 80° 22'
G. S.
RafTu-d-dai'j5t
— 1
Muhammad Shah
1 33
Ahmad Shah Bahadur
— 2
'Ahimglr II
— 2
Shall 'Alam II
— 2
The name \j^ on tlie coins of Shah 'Alani II is followed hy the
word ijj^ .
KUNCH KUCH
Lat. 25° 59' Long. 79° 10'
G. S. C.
Shah 'Alam II _ i _
The earlier coins of Shah 'Alam present the form Kuch ; the mint
name is followed by the word (j^s*.
KHAMBAYAT
KAMBAYAT (Cambay)
V
j>^.l^^
Or'.W^
Lat.
22°
18'
Long. 72° 40'
G
s. c,
Shah Jahan
—
5 —
]\lurad Bakiish
—
1 —
Auvaiigzeb
3
(Kambayat
2 (Khambayat) —
,32 (Kambayat) —
Shah 'Alam Bahadur
—
1
Jahandar
—
1 —
Farrukhsiyar
—
1 —
Eafi'u-d-darjat
—
1 —
Muhammad Shah
—
6 —
Ahmad Shah Bah;
adur
—
1 —
The earliest known coin with the spelling,- ooL:5 is I believe
No. 3148 of 1077 : 8 r. For coins of this mint see N. S. XX, § 111),
' The Mughal Coins of Camliay' l)y G. P. Taylor.
70
MINTS
GADRAULA
jJ^^cS^
Lat. 28° 50'
Akbar
Long. 78° IG'
G. S.
— 1
C.
aJ^lf
GULBARGA AHSANABAD
Lat. 17° 18' Long. 76° 54'
G. S.
Aurangzeb 1 (Gulbarga) j 4 (Gulbarga)
1 1
C.
(Ahsanabacl)
Gulbarga appears on coins of Aurangzeb up to 1115, also on Kam
Bakhsh's coins, and possibly on a mulir of Jahandar, /. M. C, No, 1710.
Kam Bakhsh also uses the name Ahsanabad.
GULKANDA (Golconda)
Lat. 17° 23'
Long. 78° 24'
Shah Jalian
Aurangzeb
G. S.
— 2
— 32
C.
GWALIAR
GWALIAR
>a31/"
^1/
Qil'a
Lat. 26° 13'
Muqam
Long. 78° 10'
Akbar
Aurangzeb
Farrukhsiyar
Muhammad Shah
Ahmad Shah Bahadur
'Alamgir II
Shah 'Alam II
G. S.
2
— 6
— 23
— 1
— 4
— 8
c.
5
On all the copper coins of Akbar the name is spelt ^Jl^fT On the
early coins the epithet QiVa Muqdm appears.
MINTS
GOBINDPUR
^
Lat. 23° 38' Long. 86° 9'
G. S.
Akbar
71
GORAKPUR
MU'AZZAMABAD
DarvA-hhildfat
Lat. 26° 44' Long. 83° 23'
G. S. C.
Akbar — — 2 (Gorakpur)
Farrukhsiyar — 1 (Mu'azzamabad) —
The coins of Mu'azzanial:)ad begin with some rare rupees of
Aurangzeb. Ddru-l-hJdldfdt appears on the earlier fuliis type of
Akbar.
GOKAK
^\Syf
Lat. 15° 51'
G.
Aurangzeb
Kam Bakhsh
Shuh 'Alam Bahadur
Farrukhsiyar
A'ZAMNAGAR (Belgauni)
Long. 74° 31'
S. C.
1 (A'zamnagar) —
1 (Goka^) —
1 (A'zamnagar) —
1 (A'zamnagar Gokak)
For this mint see N. S. XXVIII, § 179, by S. H. Hodivahi. who is
responsible for deciphering the name Gokak. See also N. S. XXX,
§193.
GOKULGARH
Lat 28° 12'
Shah 'Alam 11
Long. 76° 40'
G. S.
— 12
72
MINTS
GOHUD
Lat. 26° 2G'
Shall 'Alam II
O^S
Long. 78° 27'
G. S.
— 1
LAHOR
Ddru-l-Mi ildjat.
Ddru-i
i-sidtanat
Lat. 31° 35'
Long.
74° 20'
G.
S.
C.
Humayun
—
1
18
Akbar
6
167
25
JalicingTr
1
122
—
Jahaiiglr and Nur Jahan
—
3
Shah Jahan
—
74
Aurangzeb
—
76
3
8hah 'Alam Bahadur
—
5
—
Jaliandar
1
2
—
FaiTukJisiyar
—
14
, —
Eafru-d-darjat
—
1
—
Shah Jahan II
—
1
—
Muhammad Shah
2
34
Ahmad Shah Bahadur
—
11
—
'Alamgir II
1
10
3
DCvra-l-kkildfat occurs on Humayuii's copper. It reappears on
AkBar's gold in 976, and perhaps in 984, or earlier on silver. In 983
appeared the square niuhrs and rupees, and on them the title becomes
Ddru-s-saltamU. It had appeared on copper in 976. It disappears
with tlie Ilahl coins ; reappears on Sliah Jahan's earliest coins ; is
attain removed, to appear once more on Aurangzeb's silver and gold
coins, from -which time it continues to the end of the series.
LAKHNAU (Lucknow)
Ddru-J-khildfat. Khita. SarkCir
Lat. 26° 52' Long. 80° 56'
G. S.
Akbar — 2
Auranffzeb — 52
C.
13
MINTS 73
a. S. C.
Shah 'AUim Bahadur — 7 —
Jahandiir — 1 —
Farrukhsiyar — 9 —
liafl'u-d-daijat — 1 —
Shah Jahan II — 1 —
Muhammad Shall — 3 - —
Ddrii-l-kldldfat occurs first on a dam ot" 975, and with the exception
of one dam of 981 in the collection of Mr. H. Nelson Wri<;ht all
subsequent (^ams l^ear this epithet. 8arl-dr appears on a dam of 967,
and Khlta on a dam of 963. The silver and gold coins of this mint
are without epithet. For an account of the coins of this mint see
N. S. XX.V, § 151.
- LAHRi BANDAR
Lat. 24° 32' Long. 67° 24'
G. S.
Akbar — 1
MALPUR
Ddric-l-khildfat
Lat. 23° 21' Long. 73° 28'
^G. S. C.
Akbai _ _ 3
The honoritic title appears only on one gold and one sil\er coin of
early type.
M ACHHLi PATTAN (M ASULIPATAM)
(jsAJ
'■cf-V^^
Lat. 16° 9'
Long. 18° 11'
C. S.
0.
Aurangzeb
— 1
—
Muhammad Sliah
— —
1
MUHAMMADABAl) BANARAS. See BANAJIAS
74
MINTS
MUHAMMADABAD i
Ddru-l-fidils
G.
Shah 'Alain II
MUHAMMADNAGAR TANDA ^
V(J.'A'S S^(J^4SXrO
Sliah 'Alam II
MAKHStJSABAD. See MUESHIDABAD
MURADABAD
ol.>^L>U^
Lat. 28°
49'
Long.
78° 49'
G.
S. C.
'Alamglr II
—
6 —
Shah 'Alam II
—
21 —
MURSHIDABAD
MAKHStJSABAD
C>\.>\i_yj^iyO
L>1^1 y,^^s y£is\y0
Lat. 24°
11'
Long.
88° 18'
G.
S.
Aurangzeb
—
1 (Makhsusabad)
, 4 (Murshidahad)
Shah "Ahim Bahadur
—
1
8
1
ramikhsiyar
Eaffu-d-darjat
Shah Jahan II
—
1
Muhammad Shah
—
21
Ahmad Shah Bahadur
—
7
'Alamglr II
—
6
Shfih 'Alam II
1
20
MakhsusaLad occurs only on coins of 1115-1116 A. H. In 1117
the name Murshidabacl appears.
After A. D. 1765 Murshidabad coins are issues of the East India
Company.
^ Probably Banaras, but the name has not been read on the coins.
- The reading Tanda is now fairly established from a find from which No. 5079 a
came. From the stvle the mint should be found in Rohilkhand or the neighbourhood.
MINTS 75
MUSTAFA-ABAl) (Rampur)
Lat. 30° 12' Long. IT'' 12'
G. S. C.
Shah 'Alam II _ 4 —
MUZAFFARGARH
Lat. 30° 4' Long. 71° 14'
G. S. C.
Shah 'Alam II — 8 —
MU'AZZAMABAD, See GORAKPUR
MULTAN
Ddru-l-dma,ii
Lat. 30° 12' Long. 71° 30'
G.
S.
C.
Akbar —
2
2
Shah Jahan 4
77
—
Aurangzeh 2
56
2
Shah 'Alam Bahadur - —
1
—
Fanulihsiyar —
4
—
Rafi'u-d-darjat —
1
—
Muhammad Shah 1
5
5
Ahmad Shah Bahadur —
2
—
DdrnA-dmdn occurs only 011 silver and
gold of the
lirst four years
of Aurangzeb's reign.
MULHARNAGAR (Indor)
vKi >V/A--o
Lat. 22° 43' Long. 75° 54'
G. S. C.
Shah 'Alam II — 13 —
76 MINTS
MUMBAI (Bombay)
Lat. 18° 55' Long. 12" 54'
G. S. C.
Muhanimad — 1 —
Miiinbai coins were struck by tlie East India Company in the
names of the Mughal emperors.
MANUU MANDU
Lat. 22° 21' Long. 75° 26j
G. 's. C.
Humayun — — 2
The form jjoL occurs on a uni(iue rupee of Jahangir : see list of
Couplets, No. 51.
MUMINABAD. See BINDRABAN
MAHINDRAPUR BRAJ INDRAPtJR (Bharatpiir)
Lat. 27° 13' Long. 77° 30'
G. S. C.
Ahmail Shah Bahadur — 1 —
'Alamglr II ' — 1 —
8hrdi Jahan III — 2 —
8hrdi 'Alani II — (13 —
1 1 (Braj Indrapur)
j^A^f^ is the spellino- found only on rupees of Ahmad Shah
Baliadur. Braj Indrapur is the form on the latest coins of Shah
'Alam II. Bharatpur is also found on copper coins of Shah 'Alam II.
MiRTHA
20^-0
Lat. 29° 1' Long. 77° 43'
G. S. C.
Akbar — — 1
MINTS
MAILAPUR
;y-^^::h^
Lat. 13° 4' Loug. 80'' 15'
G. 8.
C.
Shah ^Alam Bahadur 1 1
—
NARNOL
cJ-P;^
Lat. 28° 15' Loug. 76° 20'
G. S.
c.
Akbar — 1
64
Jahangir — —
3
Shah J ah an — —
3
Aurangzeb — 7
2
NAJAFGARH
tfyUlsvi
Lat. 26° 18' Long. 80° 36'
G. S.
C.
Shah 'ALam II — 1
1
NAJiBABAD
OV.^ .A^i
77
G.
'Alamglr II 1
Shah'ALam-II 4
8.
6
35
C.
1
24
NARWAR
Lat. 25° 39' Long. 77°
56'
G.
Ahmaci Sliah Bahadi-r —
'Alaragir II —
Slulh 'Alam II —
8.
1
1
5
C.
3
78 MINTS
NASRULLANAGAR
G. S.
Shrdi 'Alam II _ 6
NUSRATABAD
Lat. 16° 35' Long. 76° 51'
G. 8. C.
Auraugzeb — 1 — ■
HATHRAS
Lat. 27° 36' Long. 78° 4'
G. S. C.
Sluih 'Alam II _ 2 —
HARDWAR
Tirath
Lat.
29° 57' Long.
78°
12
Shah
'Alam II
G.
S,
1
c.
Mintless
G. S. C.
Al<bar 1 46 4
8iiah 'Alam ]I _ _ 2
MINTS
-
Unassigned
Babur
Humayun
G.
S.
9
2
c.
Akbar
Jahanglr
Shall Jaliau
Murad BakhsLi
2
3
30
3
5
1
29
3
2
Aurangzeb
Farruklisiyar
Ahmad Shall Bahad
1
ur —
3
1
1
1
Shah 'Alam II
2
in
79
A NOTE ON ORNAMENTS
Following Mr. H. Nelson Wright in his Catalogue of the Mughal
Coins ill the Indian Museum these marks on Mughal coins have been
ch11(m1 ornaments, Ijut they are to be distino-uished from any devices
whicli form part of the general ornamental designs which appear on
many coins. What the exact purpose of these special marks was has
not yet been determined, but tliat the changes in these marks had
some special significance in connexion with the mint seems obvious,
and we have one piece of evidence showing what in Shah 'Alam's
reiii'n in the Bareli mint tlie significance of some of these marks was.
In Mr. Thurston's article in the J. A.S. B., 1893, ' Note on the History
of the East India Company Coinage ', p. 66, occurs this passage : ' It
appears from a report by Mr. Seton that the system of farming the
Baraili mint was abolished in 1802. No alteration was introduced
into the standard of the rupee, except that, to mark the period at
which the change of system took place, the Persian letter ^ (the first
letter of the late Sutah Husain 'All Khan) was discontinued and ^ [w)
substituted in compliment to the Lieutenant-Governor ' (sic) ; cf. coins
Nos. 4643-4645.
Certain marks have long been recognized as relating to special
dynasties or communities. M 80, the ankus, for example, is a Marathi
mark.i M 268, M 102 show the control of the Nawab Wazh-s of
Awadh. Other marks were adopted by certain mints for long periods
irrespective of changes in the mint management, M 96, 97 for example
Ijy Shahjahanabad, M 81 by 'Azimabad. Another use of these marks
may have been to protect the coinage against forgery by continually
changing them. The East India Company we know employed private
marks for this purpose.^ But without wishing to over-emphasize .the
importance of these ornaments, it has seemed advisable to make the
accompanying list as complete as possible, for the use of the future
student, and also for the general help they give in deciphering-
defective coins.
Owing to the fact that Mughal die-cutters cut each die by hand
there exist numberless varieties of some mint marks ; in long series
of coins bearing the same mark this mark is very liable to degenerate
> Cf. N. S. XXII, § 125. The Post-Mughal Coin^of Ahmadabad.
2 Thurston, ibid., p. (52.
A NOTE ON ORNAMENTS 81
in form, for example, No. 227 on the Muhammadabad Banaras series.
In preparing the plates typical marks have' as far as possible been
represented in each case. Sometimes it has been rather difficult to
decide whether two marks are distinct or merely variants of one form ;
in these cases all that is possible is to rely on one's own judgement.
Sometimes it may' have happened that an ornament as represented
in the plates is imperfect, where only ona or two coins exist on
which the ornament is represented, and where part of it has missed
the disk of the coin, but such cases it is hoped are few.
82
INDEX TO PLATES OF ORNAMENTS
Note. Numbers in thick f\'pe indicate gold, those in italics silver, and those
in ordinary type copper coins.
Mint
Mark
1.
9
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Coins
I.M. No. 10.
63, 68, 82, 115, 117, 263,
453, 457, 469, 488, 529, 549,
763, 765, 806, 863, 1009, 1053,
1415, 1600, 1745, 1871, 2263,
2623, 2771.
9, 13, 16, 24, 27, 59, 84,
1872, 1906, 2010.
32.
71, 86, 90, 111, 120, 262,
277, 283, 288, 293, 319, 365a,
367, 466, 489. 552 a, 554, 557,
768, 769, 770, 785, 791, 794,
849, 857, 860, 904, 907, 919,
930, 935, 962,963,1030, 1032,
1043, 1048, 1070, 1074, 1080,
1174, 2113.
74, 289.
815.
62, 113, 805
I. M. No. 78.
I. ^I. No 84.
I. M. No. 85.
92, 562, 997. ,
88 803
64, 98, 122, 126, 778, 814,
1935, 4309, 4501, 4618, 4621,
4699, 5167, 5168.
779, 4643.
I. M. No. 206.
275.
I. M. No. 288.
I. M. No. 291.
I. M. No. 506'.
218.
276, 757, 3371.
752.
I. M. No. 333.
29, 31, 295,475, 1085, 1121,
1143, 1170, 5276.
Mint
Mark
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
Coins
850, 903.
30,- 452, 531, 761, 876, 888,
1031, 1033, 1034, 1163, 1173,
3146, 4452, 4555, 4593, 4606,
4674, 4857, 4943, 5195, 5247,
734, 776, 969, 3932 a, 4313,
4707.
928, 931, 936.
5202, 4610 c.
547.
755, 771, 1029, 1069.
484, 545 a, 4554, 4559, 4565,
4616, 4632, 4712, 4804,
5086 b.
902.
3215, 4136, 5017, 5019.
890, 1154, 1160, 1162, 4096,
4859, 5169.
1294.
44, 48, 53, 55, 59, 2996, 3495,
4503, 4861, 4900.
I. M. No. 674.
3104.
67 a, 265, 266, 525, 527, 704,
709, 750, 1005, 1182, 1281,
1373, 1375, 1416.
1299 h.
I. M. No. 685.
1817, 1818, 2407, -2408,
2488, 3342, 4680.
2118, 4549.
740, 1450, 2283, 4307, 4392,
4405, 4471, 4604, 4839, 4842,
4847, 4850, 4890, 5053, 5080,
5083, 5109.
I.M. No. 1113.
2396,2647, 2655,3343.
2528, 2624, 2650,2656, 2958,
3459, 3462, 4094.
2845, 2956, 3150, 5320.
* Mint-marks 1-149 are identical with the corresponding numbers in the Indian
Museum Catalogue, vol. iii.
INDEX TO PLATP:S OF ORNAMENTS
83
Mint
Mint
]\Iark
Coins
Mark
Coins
50.
3383.
91.
4229, 4364, 4456,4519, 4610 h.
51.
2991.
4621, 4626, 4717 a,
4978,
52.
3460.
5095, 5118, 5163, 5215,
5257,
53.
3183.
5261.
54.
3644, 3959.
92.
4497. 5023, 5167 a.
55.
I. M. No. ISIO.
93.
1. M. No. 2273.
56.
3003, 4073.
94.
4408, 4440 a, 4873.
57.
3006, 4082. 4300.
9.5.
I. M. No. 2274.
58.
2942, 4267, 4335, 4400
_
96.
4A94:,4505, 451)9. 4511
4856,
59.
3796,4108,4142.4243
,4435,
4859, 4928, 53:d3.
4671, 4676, 4681, 4686,
4924,
97.
4532, 1950, 4961, 4966,
5110
5063.
98.
1992, 5005, 5011, 5122
60.
750. 2952, 3110, 3727, 4
192 a,
•99.
4989, 5003, 5008.
4:221.4280,4331, 4459,^4:95,
100.
I. M. No. 2331.
4498. 4967, 4978, 5087,
5302,
101.
4640.
5323.
102.
4616, 4630.
61.
3939.
103.
4620, 4630, 4669.
62.
4260, 4297, 4751, 5050,
5291.
104.
4606, 5278, 5284.
63.
2939.
105.
5217.
64.
4091.
106.
4504.
65.
4308 a. 5291.
107.
5066.
66.
I. M. No. 2007.
108.
I. M. No. 2354.
67.
I. M. No. 2079.
109.
I. M. No. 2355.
68.
4303.
110.
4515, 4864, 5195, 5205.
69.
4237.
111.
I. M. No. ^556".
70.
I. M. No. 2099.
112.
4615 a.
71
859, 4241, 4532, 4618,
4621,
113.
I. M. No. 2359.
4632. 4856.
114.
4682.
72.
4376.
115.
I.M. ^0.2363.
73.
4311.
116.
87, 4682.
74.
I. M. No. 2122.
117.
1012, 4685, 4688,
5083,
75.
4254.
5222.
76.
4259. 4679 a.
118.
4687. 4689.
77.
4266, 4684.
119.
4696, 4699.
78.
2121.
120.
4698.
79.
885.
121.
4699, 4777.
80.
4480.
122.
4259, 4567, 1610 h.
81.
4304, 4360, 4428, 497c
i
123.
4337,4458. 4498, 4622, 4675,
82.
4377, 4472, 4675.
4682, 4687, 4692, 4699,
5081,
83.
4386, 4388, 4406, 4697.
4826,
5087, 5107.
4840.
124.
4699, 4856.
^84.
=No. 223.
125.
I. M. No. 2385.
85.
3935, 3941, 4266, 4351,
4393.
126.
A variant of No. 203 (i-
V.
4490, 4682, 4687, 4696,
4699,
127.
4766.
4780.
128.
4762.
86.
4403.
129.
4767.
87.
42, 1070, 4403, 4676 a, 5
205.
130.
I. M. No. 2141.
88.
4454, 5238.
131.
I. :M. No. 2448.
89.
I. M. No. 2247.
-132.
I. :M. No. 2449.
90.
2974, 4624, 4631, 5030,
5079,
133.
5110, 5218.
5178.
134.
5110.
1 I think No. 223 is the more correct form of this mark.
2 I cannot distinguish this mark from No. 97.
2269.1
F ::
84
INDEX TO PLATES OF ORNAMENTS
Mint
Mint
Mark
Coins
Mark
Coins
135.
4:501,46:26, 5163,5256,
5263,
184.
2403.
5268.
185.
2421.
136.
4490, 1780, 1033, 4935,
4910,
186.
2488
5200.
187.
2191.
137.
1516, 5063.
188.
2620.
138.
45'.)3.
189.
2699.
139.
460!), 5318, 5295.
190.
2933, 1629, 4647.
140.
4499, 5i50, 5215,5218,
5223,
191.
2915, 2953.
5227, 5254,5259,5264,
5293.
192.
2968, 2977.
141.
I. M. No. 2493.
193.
2985.
142.
906, 4518, 4532, 5075,
5194,
194.
3110.
5212.
195.
3138.
143.
4560, 4967.
196.
3167.
144.
4961, 5173.
197,
3317, 3178.
145.
I. M. No. 2186.
198.
3303.
146.
I. M. No. 2517.
199.
3367.
147.
4308 a.
200.
3373.
148.
47, 5213, 5216, 5257, 5
274.
201.
3374.
149.
72, 848.
202.
3376, 3385, 3731, 4206, 1339.
150.
95.
203.
3381, 3386.
151.
214.
204.
3387, 3537, 3733.
152.
271, 766.
205.
3184.
153.
292. 766, 1068, 1160, 4464.
206.
3498, 3557.
154.
452, 773.
207.
3628.
155.
476, 5213.
208.
3654.
156.
477.
209.
3752.
157.
525, 527, 4610 a.
210.
3734.
158.
529, 530.
211.
3852.
159.
530.
212.
3930. ■
160.
546, 777.
213.
3917.
161.
275 a, 754, 762.
214.
4098.
162.
755, 758, 918, 922, 960
215.
4209, 1338.
163.
758.
216.
4219, 1261.
164.
767.
217.
4233, 5288.
165.
776.
218.
4218, 4362, 1166, 4841, 4815,
166.
803.
4819, 4879, 4987, 4999, 5284.
167.
811.
219.
1270.
168.
881.
220.
1305.
169.
891, 1143, 4700.
221.
4308.
170.
913, 1198.
222.
4320, 1440 a.
171.
941.
223.
4380, 4388, 4452, 5015, 5018,
172.
1009, 1937 c.
5214, 5217, 5222, 5227, 5254,
173.
1035.
5259.
174.
1491, 4616, 4632, 5166
, 5171.
224.
1107.
175.
1760.
225.
4490, 1507, 1615 a, 1903, 4905,
176.
1817, 2408.
5023, 5074, 5076, 5194, 5200.
177.
1818.
226.
4490, 1567.
178.
1921.
227.
4490, 4567, 4780, 5200.
179.
1926.
228.
4492.
180.
1969.
229.
4495, 1954, 4967, 4971,
181,
2264, 4856, 4861.
5301.
182.
2388.
230.
4501, 4859.
183.
2397, 3368.
231.
4502, 4781, 5163.
INDEX TO PLATES OF ORNAMENTS
85
.A lint
Mint
Mark
Coins
Mark
Coin.s
232.
4488, -/.5/7.
285.
4878.
233.
4503, U'>()9, ifjOr,.
286.
4964.
234.
4510.
287.
4980.
235.
45 J3, 5291.
288.
4990.
23G.
45 J 8, 4904, 4918, 50r,G, 5148,
289.
5028. 5031, 5086 f
5188.
290.
5052.
237.
4534, 4551.
291.
5054.
238.
4534.
292.
5055, 5057.
239.
4548, 5287.
293.
5063.
240.
45G2 a,
294.
5073.
241.
4593.
295.
5078.
242.
4604.
296.
50S6, 5125.
243.
4608.
297.
5107.
244.
4616, 4631.
298.
5118. 5281.
245.
4620, 5167 b.
299.
5118.
246.
4620, 4630, 4896 a.
300.
5136.
247.
4622.
301.
5136.
248.
4628.
302.
5144.
249.
4634, 5171, 5197, 5212.
303.
5166.
250.
4642.
304.
5170.
251.
4645.
305.
5176.
252.
4658.
306.
5179.
253.
4659.
307.
5189.
254.
4663.
308.
4860 a.
255.
4693.
309.
5196.
256.
4693, 4696.
310.
5193, 5203.
257.
4694.
311.
5203.
258.
4695.
312.
5215.
259.
4699, 5294.
313.
5218.
260.
4699.
314.
5218.
261.
4717.
315.
5220.
262.
4755, 4895, 5172.
316.
5230, 5247, 5267.
263.
4762.
317.
5276.
264.
4762.
318.
5290.
265.
4792, 4819, 5218, 5252.
319.
5292.
266.
4780.
320.
5293.
267.
4795.
321.
5293.
268.
4780.
322.
5294.
269.
4801.
323.
5295.
270.
4815, 4828, 4831.
324.
5295.
271.
4829, 4834, 4836.
325.
5299.
272.
4856.
326.
5317.
273.
4515. 4857. 5190.
327.
129 la.
274.
4858.
328.
1934 a
275.
4864.
329.
3383 a.
276.
4867.
330.
3557 a.
277.
4872.
331.
4534 a.
278.
4872.
332.
4534 <i.
279.
4872.
333.
4534 a.
280.
4890, 5054, 5057.
334.
4610 iL
281.
4890.
335.
4615 h.
282.
4901, 4904, 5122.
336.
4678 u.
283.
4903.
337.
5086 y, 5086 k.
284.
4906.
338.
5086 j.
86
PLATES OF ORNAMENTS
v>J^
^
2a
6^
*
3
X
10
^
^
12
13
6
14
15
16
17
3
^
o^
18
19 A
9
20
21
22
-^
•♦•
23
« •
24
«>
25
26
27
O
28
&
29
30
31
4-
32
4^
33
n
34
35
bR
36
37
X>
38
39
40
^y-
^
41
t
44
®
45
46
47
6
48
49
• ••
• c •
• - •
50
Q
52.
53
54
/
55
^
56
9 —
57 »
58
59
>I4
60
61
62
4-
63
+
64 ..
J-
65
c
3
66
67
V
G8
^
69
^i±L/
70
71
f
72
73
F
74
75
-*^
76
O
77
f
78
II?
79
80
¥
1
81
"4:
82
f
83
;•
84
.+.
85
86
^
87
1^
88
89
90
91
92
t
93
94
95
C^
96
nrrn
97
98
99
{
100
n
u
101
102
^
103
91©
f
104
105
106
107
A
108
>/
109
110
111
ii2
114
4-
116
PLATES OF ORNAMENTS
87
117
118
r
119
'>
^
121
122
123
#
124
12b
ft. d
126
127
120
129
^
130
4:
^^
135
136
137
138
133
^
140
141
• " " •
> a • •
142
/
144
145
146
147
^,^.
148
^
150
3€>
^
15c
«<
153
154
155
156
^
157
e e
e •
158
159
%
160
161
162
(56
163
-> t <
164
<^
165
166
167
168
169
170
-f
172
173
&
174
175
\XXJ
176
177
^
^^
179
♦ — to;
180
2^
183
^
184
185
166
/<h-^
•iL*
^
lo8
re ^
189
^
190
/
. 191
192
:f:
193
• I •
194
^
195
196
197
198
199
^
200
201
202
203
^^:
yi}
204
20!;
')^~">J/-'^
206
Hi
207
^^
208
1&
217
209
210
•A*
211
^^£V7
213
214 ,■
)-•
<#>
?20
CJ
221
"1'
~t'
224
225
22G
227
^
2H0
231
u
<:>
88
PLATES OF ORNAMENTS
234
(^
235
^
236
^
237
•
238
>e'
239
-^
240
^
241
Y
242
^-
243
244
245
t
246
^^
247
y
248
^
249
y
250
251
252
f^
253
254
o
o o
6
255
T
256
!^
257
258
259
260
V-^
261
+
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
>—<
jk.
269
270
;(
272
^
273
274
275
^^^.-^•^
02:?
276
277-
f
278
#
279
.-^
280
¥
281
282 o^
284
U5
285
[•
287.
•*•
288
289
290
291
292
29i
^«^
294
R
295
'^^
296
4.* -h.
298
299
300
^
301
302
303
304
t
305
.p.
^ X
306
l^
307
308
t
309
iz
310
311
^
312
<i
313
J
314
315
316
317
318
319
n\^
320
321
322
^
323
324^
325
326
327
e
328
329
{^
330
331
332
333
n
334
i
335
T
336
337
338
>
89
LIST OF PLATES
I. BABUE, HUM AY ON, AKBAR.
II. AKBAll.
III. AKBAR.
IV. AKBAR.
V. AKBAR, JAHANGIU.
VI. JAHANGlR.
VII. JAHANGlR, JAHANGTR with NOR J AH AN.
VIII. JAHANGlR, SHAH JAHAN.
IX. SHAH JAHAN.
X. SHAH JAHAN, MURAD BAKHSH, SHAH SHUJA'.
XL AURANGZEB.
XII. AURANGZEB.
XIII. AURANGZEB, A'ZAM SHAH, KAM BAKHSH, SHAH 'ALAM
BAHADUR.
XIV. SHAH 'ALAM, BAHADUR, JAHANDAR, FARRUKHSIYAR.
XV. FARRUKHSIYAR, RAFIU-D-DARJAT.
XVI. SHAH JAHAN II, MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM, MUHAMMAD
SHAH.
XVII. MUHAMMAD SJIAH, AHMAD SHAH.
XVIII. AHMAD SHAH, 'ALAMGlR II.
XIX SHAH JAHAN III, SHAH 'ALAM II.
XX. SHAH 'ALAM IL
XXI. SHAH 'ALAM IL
XXII. SHAH 'ALAM II, BEDAR BAKHT, AKBAR II, BAHADUR
SHAH.
PLATK I
'. \
\ -^
\
"7
86
BABUR, HUIMAYUN, AKBAR
PLAT1-: IT
^^^bMk^^
AKRAR
PLATE III
709
j^oa
i!^
£ Q ll:iS.>^r
762
AKBAR
PLATK IV
PLATE V
/".
lO/O
1 07 1
1085
1165
r*-^ 't\
1170
ilfco
II9S
1 199
AKBAR— JAHANGlR
PLATK VI
1 2 ;0
1280
1279
i^t;i
1287
1309
^307
1306
1328
JAHANGiR
PLATE VII
,r.ie"-
1545
1539
1545
JAHANGIR, JAHANGIR WITH NUR jAHAX
PLATE VIII
1793
1794
jta5k
1S31
Ion
1 01:;
.■>n»
p2^
^^^^^^^
1S6:
1869
JAHANGIR, SHAH JAHAN
PLATE IX
^^^i'
1942
2111
2141 a
2172
2234
^
2262
SHAH TAHAN
PLATE X
w*(0tii!^>
2452
=455
2456
-457 •■'
SHAH JAHAN, !\IURAD BAKHSH, SHAH SHUIA-
PLATE XI
2458 ii
^.-^%v jOt
*?t^iii
AURANGZKH
platf: XII
3397
AURANCiZEB
PLATE XIII
3432
3433
347S
3492
AURAKGZEB, A'ZAM SHAH, KAM BAKHSH. SHAH 'ALAM BAHADUR
PLATE XIV
-. .j^^^ v^^ \
3499
^
3567"
5599
3f;04
SHAH 'ALAM BAHADUR, JAHANDAR, FARRUKHSIYAR
PLATE XV
3750
FARRUKIISIYAR, RAFrU-D-DARJAT
PLATK XVI
3914
3924
3933
394S
SHAH JAHAN II, MUHA:\LMAU IBRAHIM, MUHAMMAD SHAH
PLATE XVII
4224
4236
4245
4297
4319
MUHAMMAD SHAH, AHMAD SHAH
PLATE XVIII
4476
4479
AHiMAD SHAH, 'ALAMGIR H
PLATE XIX
449S
4512
4518
4534 (J
4559
4562 a
SHAH JAHAN HI, SHAH 'ALAM II
PLATE XX
-■\>
;«^
;^ jd^JJ^^*^,
PLATE XXI
^i5.:ov
SHAH 'ALAM II
PLATE XXII
^V'' iiv
5244
v^X
5222
5226
5244
525^
5296
5323
5323
SHAH 'ALAM II. BKDAR BAI^HT. AKRAR II. BAHADUR SHAH
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIIJRARV
Los Angeles
A 000 059 306 i
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